§ 27-1313. Remedial programs.

1. a. The department shall be responsible, as provided in this
section, for inactive hazardous waste disposal site remedial programs
except as provided in section one thousand three hundred eighty-nine-b
of the public health law.

b. The department shall have the authority to require the development
and implementation of a department-approved inactive hazardous waste
disposal site remedial program.

c. Section eight of the court of claims act or any other provision of
law to the contrary notwithstanding, the state shall be immune from
liability and action with respect to any act or omission done in the
discharge of the department's aforesaid responsibility pursuant to this
section; provided, however, that this paragraph shall not limit the
liability which may otherwise exist for unlawful, willful or malicious
acts or omissions on the part of the state, state agencies, or their
officers, employees or agents; or for the ownership or responsibility
for the disposal of hazardous waste, including the cost of cleanup,
pursuant to this section.

2. The department shall have the authority (a) to delegate such
responsibility for a specific site to the municipality in which such
site is located and (b) to contract with the environmental facilities
corporation and any other person to perform necessary work in connection
with such sites.

3. a. Whenever the commissioner finds that hazardous wastes at an
inactive hazardous waste disposal site constitute a significant threat
to the environment, he may order the owner of such site and/or any
person responsible for the disposal of hazardous wastes at such site (i)
to develop an inactive hazardous waste disposal site remedial program,
subject to the approval of the department, at such site, and (ii) to
implement such program within reasonable time limits specified in the
order. Provided, however, that in the event the commissioner of health
shall issue an order pursuant to subdivision three of section one
thousand three hundred eighty-nine-b of the public health law, such
order of the commissioner of health shall supersede any order issued
hereunder.

b. Whenever the commissioner, after investigation, finds:

(i) that hazardous wastes at an inactive hazardous waste disposal site
constitutes a significant threat to the environment; and

(ii) that such threat is causing or presents an imminent danger of
causing irreversible or irreparable damage to the environment; and

(iii) the threat makes it prejudicial to the public interest to delay
action until a hearing can be held pursuant to this title, the
department may, pursuant to paragraph c of subdivision five of this
section and within the funds available to the department, develop and
implement an inactive hazardous waste disposal site remedial program for
such site. Findings required pursuant to this paragraph shall be in
writing and may be made by the commissioner on an ex parte basis subject
to judicial review.

4. Any order issued pursuant to subdivision three of this section
shall be issued only after notice and the opportunity for a hearing is
provided to persons who may be the subject of such order. The
commissioner shall determine which persons are responsible pursuant to
said subdivision according to applicable principles of statutory or
common law liability. Such persons shall be entitled to raise any
statutory or common law defense at any such hearing and such defenses
shall have the same force and effect at such hearings as they would have
in a court of law. In the event a hearing is held, no order shall be
issued by the commissioner under subdivision three of this section until
a final decision has been rendered. Any such order shall be reviewable
pursuant to article seventy-eight of the civil practice law and rules
within thirty days after service of such order. The commissioner may
request the participation of the attorney general in such hearings.

5. a. Whenever a person ordered to eliminate a threat to the
environment pursuant to paragraph a of subdivision three of this section
has failed to do so within the time limits specified in the order, the
department may develop and implement an inactive hazardous waste
disposal site remedial program for such site. The reasonable expenses of
developing and implementing such remedial program by the department
shall be paid by the person to whom the order was issued and the state
may seek to recover such reasonable expenses in any court of appropriate
jurisdiction.

b. In the event that the commissioner has found that hazardous wastes
at a site constitute a significant threat to the environment, but after
a reasonable attempt to determine who may be responsible is either
unable to determine who may be responsible, or is unable to locate a
person who may be responsible, the department may develop and implement
an inactive hazardous waste disposal site remedial program for such
site. The commissioner shall make every effort, in accordance with the
requirements for notice, hearing and review provided for in this title,
to secure appropriate relief from any person subsequently identified or
located who is responsible for the disposal of hazardous waste at such
site, including, but not limited to, development and implementation of
an inactive hazardous waste disposal site remedial program, payment of
the cost of such a program, recovery of any reasonable expenses incurred
by the state, money damages and penalties.

c. Whenever the commissioner has made findings pursuant to paragraph b
of subdivision three of this section or the commissioner of health has
made a declaration and finding pursuant to paragraph (b) of subdivision
three of section one thousand three hundred eighty-nine-b of the public
health law, the department may develop and implement an inactive
hazardous waste disposal site remedial program to contain, alleviate or
end the threat to life or health or to the environment. The costs
incurred by the department in developing and implementing such a program
shall be in an amount commensurate with the actions the department deems
necessary to eliminate such danger. In determining the scope, nature and
content of such program, the department shall consider among others, the
following factors:

(i) the technological feasibility of all actions;

(ii) the nature of the danger to human health and the environment
which the actions are designed to address; and

(iii) the extent to which the actions would reduce such danger to
human health or the environment or would otherwise benefit human health
or the environment.

d. Notwithstanding the provisions of subdivision c of this section,
the department shall be authorized to develop and implement an inactive
hazardous waste disposal site remedial program at the site pursuant to
this subdivision if, in the discretion of the department, it is
cost-effective for the department to develop and implement such a
remedial program. The goal of any such remedial program shall be a
complete cleanup of the site through the elimination of the significant
threat to the environment posed by the disposal of hazardous wastes at
the site and of the imminent danger of irreversible or irreparable
damage to the environment caused by such disposal. The factors to be
considered by the department in determining whether it is cost-effective
to develop and implement an inactive hazardous waste disposal site
remedial program at a site pursuant to this subdivision shall include,
among others:

(i) the ability of the department to determine, through the exercise
of its scientific judgment, whether the elimination of the imminent
danger of irreversible or irreparable damage to the environment can be
achieved through limited actions;

(ii) the ability of the department to identify the owner of the site
and/or any person responsible for the disposal of hazardous wastes at
such site with sufficient financial resources to develop and implement
an inactive hazardous waste disposal site remedial program at such site;

(iii) the nature of the danger to human health and the environment
which the actions are designed to address; and

(iv) the extent to which the actions would reduce such danger to human
health or the environment or would otherwise benefit human health or the
environment.

e. Whenever the commissioner of health makes a declaration and finding
pursuant to paragraph b of subdivision three of section one thousand
three hundred eighty-nine-b of the public health law, the department may
implement an inactive hazardous waste site remedial program in the same
manner as specified in paragraphs c and d of this subdivision.

f. The commissioner shall make every effort, in accordance with the
requirements for notice, hearing and review provided for in this title
to secure appropriate relief from the owner or operator of such site
and/or any person responsible for the disposal of hazardous wastes at
such site, including, but not limited to, development and implementation
of an inactive hazardous waste disposal site remedial program, payment
of the cost of such program, recovery of any reasonable expenses
incurred by the state, money damages and penalties.

g. When a municipality develops and implements pursuant to an
agreement with the department an inactive hazardous waste disposal site
remedial program as approved by the department for a site which is owned
or has been operated by such municipality or when the department,
pursuant to an agreement with a municipality, develops and implements
such a remedial program, the commissioner shall, in the name of the
state, agree in such agreement to provide from the hazardous waste
remedial fund, within the limitations of appropriations therefor,
seventy-five percent of the eligible design and construction costs of
such remedial program for which such municipality is liable solely
because of its ownership and/or operation of such site and which are not
recovered from or reimbursed or paid by a responsible party or the
federal government.

6. Nothing contained within this section shall be construed as
impairing or in any manner affecting the right or jurisdiction of the
attorney general to seek appropriate relief pursuant to his statutory or
common law authority.

7. Moneys for actions taken or to be taken by the department, the
department of health or any other state agency in connection with the
elimination of conditions dangerous to life or health pursuant to
subdivision five of section thirteen hundred eighty-nine-b of the public
health law or with the elimination of a significant threat to the
environment pursuant to this section shall be payable directly to such
agencies from the hazardous waste remedial fund pursuant to section
ninety-seven-b of the state finance law. This includes any inspection or
sampling of wastes, soils, air, surface water and groundwater done on
behalf of a state agency whether or not such action is taken prior to
the issuance of a declaration pursuant to subdivision two of section
thirteen hundred eighty-nine-b of the public health law or a finding
pursuant to subdivision three of this seciton and any administrative
expenses related thereto.

8. Any duly designated officer or employee of the department or any
other state agency, and any agent, consultant, contractor, or other
person, including an employee, agent, consultant, or contractor of a
responsible person acting at the direction of the department, so
authorized in writing by the commissioner, may enter any inactive
hazardous waste disposal site and areas near such site to implement an
inactive hazardous waste disposal site remedial program for such site,
provided the commissioner has sent a written notice to the owners of
record or any known occupants of such site or nearby areas of the
intended entry and work at least ten days prior to such initial entry.

9. Nothing herein contained shall be construed to limit or in any
manner affect the power of the commissioner to issue an order according
to the provisions of section 71-2727 of this chapter.

10. The department, by and through the commissioner, shall be
authorized to exempt a person from the requirement to obtain any state
or local permit or other authorization for any activity needed to
implement an inactive hazardous waste disposal site remedial program
pursuant to this title; provided, that the activity is conducted in a
manner which satisfies all substantive technical requirements applicable
to like activity conducted pursuant to a permit.