Senate Bill S8163

2021-2022 Legislative Session

Creates a civil cause of action for the manufacture, sale, distribution, or import of assault weapons or ghost guns within the state

download bill text pdf

Archive: Last Bill Status - In Senate Committee Judiciary Committee

Introduced
- In Committee Assembly
- In Committee Senate
- On Floor Calendar Assembly
- On Floor Calendar Senate
- Passed Assembly
- Passed Senate
Delivered to Governor
Signed By Governor

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Date of Action	Assembly Actions - Lowercase Senate Actions - UPPERCASE
Aug 12, 2022	print number 8163a
Aug 12, 2022	amend (t) and recommit to judiciary
Jan 27, 2022	referred to judiciary

Bill Amendments

Original

A (Active)

co-Sponsors

2021-S8163 - Details

See Assembly Version of this Bill:: A10561
Current Committee:: Senate Judiciary
Law Section:: Civil Practice Law and Rules
Laws Affected:: Add Art 13-C §§1360 - 1364, CPLR
Versions Introduced in Other Legislative Sessions:: 2023-2024: S4927, A3943
2025-2026: S5818, A1598

2021-S8163 - Summary

Creates a civil cause of action for the manufacture, sale, or distribution of assault weapons or ghost guns within the state; aiding and abetting such manufacture, sale or distribution; intending to aid and abet in such manufacture, sale or distribution; or transporting or importing such weapons into the state

2021-S8163 - Sponsor Memo

                                 
BILL NUMBER: S8163

SPONSOR: SEPULVEDA
 
TITLE OF BILL:

An act to amend the civil practice law and rules, in relation to creat-
ing a civil cause of action for the manufacture, sale, or distribution
of assault weapons or ghost guns within the state

 
PURPOSE:

To create a civil cause of action for the manufacture, sale, distrib-
ution of assault weapons or ghost guns within the State

 
SUMMARY OF PROVISIONS:

Section 1: Adding a new article 13-C to the civil practice law and
rules.

Section 1360: Definitions for "assault weapon" and "ghost gun".

Section 1361, subsection 1: Allows a person to bring a civil cause of

action against any person or entity who:

-manufactures, distributes, or sells assault weapons or ghost guns or
parts for any such weapon, or

-aids and abets to an individual or entity in manufacturing, distribut-
ing, or selling assault weapons or ghost guns, or parts for any such
weapon, or

-intends to manufacture, distribute or sell assault weapons or ghost
guns, or parts for any such weapon.

Subsection 2: States that should a plaintiff prevail in such action,
they shall be awarded injunctive relief, statutory damages not less than
$10,000 for each violation, and attorney's fees and other costs associ-
ated with bringing forward such cause of action. Sets an exception for
this relief if the defendant can prove that they previously paid the
full amount of damages in a previous action.  Establishes a statute of
limitation of 4 years of the date of violation or aiding and abetting of
the violation. Prohibits any law, the state, state official, or a
district or county attorney to intervene in such actions. Prohibits a
court from awarding costs or attorney's fees to a defendant.

Section 1362: Sets prohibited defenses to an action brought forward by
this article.

Section 1363: Sets affirmative defenses to an action brought forward by
this article and establishes that the defendant would have the burden of
proving an affirmative defense.

Section 1364: Establishes that this article may not be construed as
violating the first amendment of the United States constitution.

Section 2: Sets the effective date.

 
JUSTIFICATION:

In December 2021, the Supreme Court ruled that the Texas law allowing
citizens to sue individuals who assist or perform abortions would be
allowed to go into effect until any other legal challenge is brought
before the Court. Using the same legal reasoning and in light of the
passing of Jose Webster Untraceable Firearms Act, the State of New York
must ensure that any manufacturer who produces assault weapons, "Ghost
Guns", or any item that can be used to create untraceable weapons are
held civilly liable. In some cities, "Ghost Guns" account for half of
recovered weapons from homicide scenes. The passing of this bill would
allow private citizens to sue any manufacturer producing any item that
can be used to create "Ghost Guns" for a minimum of $10,000 plus any
attorney fees. This bill would help our state combat the epidemic of gun
violence.

 
LEGISLATIVE HISTORY:

New Bill

 
EFFECTIVE DATE:
This act shall take effect immediately.

2021-S8163 - Bill Text download pdf

                             
                     S T A T E   O F   N E W   Y O R K
 ________________________________________________________________________
 
                                   8163
 
                             I N  S E N A T E
 
                             January 27, 2022
                                ___________
 
 Introduced by Sen. SEPULVEDA -- read twice and ordered printed, and when
   printed to be committed to the Committee on Judiciary
 
 AN  ACT to amend the civil practice law and rules, in relation to creat-
   ing a civil cause of action for the manufacture, sale, or distribution
   of assault weapons or ghost guns within the state
 
   THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, REPRESENTED IN SENATE AND  ASSEM-
 BLY, DO ENACT AS FOLLOWS:
 
   Section 1. The civil practice law and rules is amended by adding a new
 article 13-C to read as follows:
                               ARTICLE 13-C
                      CIVIL REMEDIES; GUN SAFETY LAWS
 SECTION 1360. DEFINITION.
         1361. ACTION TO RECOVER DAMAGES.
         1362. PROHIBITED DEFENSES.
         1363. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES.
         1364. CONSTRUCTION.
   §  1360.  DEFINITION.  FOR  THE  PURPOSES OF THIS ARTICLE: 1. "ASSAULT
 WEAPON" SHALL HAVE THE SAME MEANING AS SUCH TERM IS DEFINED IN  SUBDIVI-
 SION TWENTY-TWO OF SECTION 265.00 OF THE PENAL LAW.
   2.  "GHOST GUN" SHALL HAVE THE SAME MEANING AS SUCH TERM IS DEFINED IN
 SUBDIVISION THIRTY-TWO OF SECTION 265.00 OF THE PENAL LAW.
   § 1361. ACTION TO RECOVER DAMAGES. 1. ANY PERSON, OTHER THAN AN  OFFI-
 CER  OR EMPLOYEE OF A STATE OR LOCAL GOVERNMENT ENTITY IN THIS STATE MAY
 BRING A CIVIL CAUSE OF ACTION AGAINST ANY PERSON OR ENTITY WHO:
   (A) MANUFACTURES, DISTRIBUTES, OR SELLS ASSAULT WEAPONS OR GHOST GUNS,
 OR PARTS FOR ANY SUCH WEAPONS OR GHOST GUNS WITHIN THE STATE;
   (B) AIDS AND ABETS AN INDIVIDUAL OR ENTITY IN MANUFACTURING,  DISTRIB-
 UTING,  OR  SELLING ASSAULT WEAPONS OR GHOST GUNS, OR PARTS FOR ANY SUCH
 WEAPONS OR GHOST GUNS WITHIN THE STATE; OR
   (C) INTENDS TO MANUFACTURE, DISTRIBUTE, OR  SELL  ASSAULT  WEAPONS  OR
 GHOST  GUNS  WITHIN THE STATE OR AID AND ABET AN INDIVIDUAL OR ENTITY IN
 MANUFACTURING, DISTRIBUTING, OR SELLING ASSAULT WEAPONS OR  GHOST  GUNS,
 OR PARTS FOR ANY SUCH WEAPONS OR GHOST GUNS WITHIN THE STATE.
 
  EXPLANATION--Matter in ITALICS (underscored) is new; matter in brackets
                       [ ] is old law to be omitted.
                                                            LBD14024-01-1

 S. 8163                             2
 
   2.  (A)  IF A PLAINTIFF PREVAILS IN AN ACTION BROUGHT PURSUANT TO THIS
 SECTION, SUCH PLAINTIFF SHALL BE AWARDED INJUNCTIVE RELIEF SUFFICIENT TO
 PREVENT THE DEFENDANT FROM CONTINUING TO AID AND ABET ANY VIOLATION  THE
 PROVISIONS OF LAW SET FORTH IN SUBDIVISION ONE OF THIS SECTION, STATUTO-
 RY  DAMAGES  IN  AN  AMOUNT  NOT LESS THAN TEN THOUSAND DOLLARS FOR EACH
 VIOLATION OF SUCH PROVISIONS AND FOR ANY AIDING  AND  ABETTING  OF  SUCH
 PROVISIONS, AND ATTORNEY'S FEES AND OTHER COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH BRINGING
 SUCH CAUSE OF ACTION.
   (B)  A COURT MAY NOT AWARD RELIEF UNDER PARAGRAPH (A) OF THIS SUBDIVI-
 SION IN RESPONSE TO A CAUSE OF ACTION BROUGHT PURSUANT TO  THIS  SECTION
 IF  THE  DEFENDANT  DEMONSTRATES THAT HE OR SHE PREVIOUSLY PAID THE FULL
 AMOUNT OF STATUTORY DAMAGES PURSUANT TO PARAGRAPH (A) OF  THIS  SUBDIVI-
 SION  IN  A PREVIOUS ACTION FOR THAT PARTICULAR VIOLATION OF A PROVISION
 OF LAW AS SET FORTH IN SUBDIVISION  ONE  OF  THIS  SECTION  OR  FOR  THE
 PARTICULAR  AIDING  AND ABETTING THE VIOLATION OF A PROVISION OF LAW SET
 FORTH IN SUBDIVISION ONE OF THIS SECTION.
   3. A PLAINTIFF MAY BRING A CAUSE OF ACTION PURSUANT  TO  THIS  SECTION
 WITHIN FOUR YEARS OF THE DATE OF THE VIOLATION OR AIDING AND ABETTING OF
 THE VIOLATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF LAW.
   4.  NOTWITHSTANDING  ANY OTHER LAW, THIS STATE, A STATE OFFICIAL, OR A
 DISTRICT OR COUNTY ATTORNEY MAY NOT INTERVENE IN AN ACTION BROUGHT UNDER
 THIS SECTION.  THIS SUBDIVISION DOES NOT PROHIBIT ANY SUCH  PERSON  FROM
 FILING AN AMICUS CURIAE BRIEF IN THE ACTION.
   5.  NOTWITHSTANDING  ANY  OTHER  LAW,  A  COURT MAY NOT AWARD COSTS OR
 ATTORNEY'S FEES TO A DEFENDANT IN AN ACTION  BROUGHT  PURSUANT  TO  THIS
 SECTION.
   §  1362.  PROHIBITED DEFENSES. THE FOLLOWING SHALL NOT BE A DEFENSE TO
 AN ACTION BROUGHT PURSUANT TO SECTION THIRTEEN HUNDRED SIXTY-ONE OF THIS
 ARTICLE:
   1. IGNORANCE OR MISTAKE OF LAW;
   2. A DEFENDANT'S BELIEF THAT THE REQUIREMENTS OF THIS SECTION  ARE  OR
 WERE UNCONSTITUTIONAL;
   3.  A DEFENDANT'S RELIANCE ON ANY STATE OR FEDERAL COURT DECISION THAT
 IS NOT BINDING ON THE COURT IN WHICH THE ACTION HAS BEEN BROUGHT;
   4. A DEFENDANT'S RELIANCE ON ANY COURT DECISION THAT  HAS  BEEN  OVER-
 RULED  ON APPEAL OR BY A SUBSEQUENT COURT, EVEN IF SUCH DECISION HAS NOT
 BEEN OVERRULED WHEN THE DEFENDANT VIOLATED, AIDED OR ABETTED IN  VIOLAT-
 ING, OR INTENDED TO VIOLATE THE PROVISIONS OF SUBDIVISION ONE OF SECTION
 THIRTEEN HUNDRED SIXTY-ONE OF THIS ARTICLE;
   5. NON-MUTUAL PRECLUSION OR NON-MUTUAL CLAIM PRECLUSION; OR
   6. ANY CLAIM THAT THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE PROVISIONS OF THIS SECTION OR
 THE IMPOSITION OF CIVIL LIABILITY AGAINST THE DEFENDANT WILL VIOLATE THE
 CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS OF THIRD PARTIES.
   §  1363.  AFFIRMATIVE  DEFENSES. 1. THE FOLLOWING SHALL BE AFFIRMATIVE
 DEFENSES TO AN ACTION  BROUGHT  PURSUANT  TO  SECTION  THIRTEEN  HUNDRED
 SIXTY-ONE OF THIS ARTICLE:
   (A) A DEFENDANT WHO AIDED OR ABETTED A VIOLATION OF ONE OR MORE OF THE
 PROVISIONS  OF  SUBDIVISION ONE OF SECTION THIRTEEN HUNDRED SIXTY-ONE OF
 THIS ARTICLE REASONABLY BELIEVED, AFTER CONDUCTING A REASONABLE INVESTI-
 GATION, THAT AN INDIVIDUAL VIOLATING SUCH PROVISION  OR  PROVISIONS  HAD
 COMPLIED OR WOULD COMPLY WITH SUCH LAWS; OR
   (B) A DEFENDANT WHO INTENDED TO VIOLATE OR AID AND ABET A VIOLATION OF
 ONE  OR  MORE  OF  THE PROVISIONS OF SUBDIVISION ONE OF SECTION THIRTEEN
 HUNDRED SIXTY-ONE OF THIS ARTICLE REASONABLY BELIEVED, AFTER  CONDUCTING
 A  REASONABLE INVESTIGATION, THAT AN INDIVIDUAL VIOLATING SUCH PROVISION
 OR PROVISIONS WOULD COMPLY WITH SUCH LAWS.
 S. 8163                             3
 
   2. THE DEFENDANT SHALL HAVE  THE  BURDEN  OF  PROVING  AN  AFFIRMATIVE
 DEFENSE UNDER SUBDIVISION ONE OF THIS SECTION.
   §  1364.  CONSTRUCTION.  THIS  ARTICLE  MAY NOT BE CONSTRUED TO IMPOSE
 LIABILITY ON ANY SPEECH OR CONDUCT PROTECTED BY THE FIRST  AMENDMENT  OF
 THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION.
   § 2. This act shall take effect immediately.

co-Sponsors

2021-S8163A (ACTIVE) - Details

See Assembly Version of this Bill:: A10561
Current Committee:: Senate Judiciary
Law Section:: Civil Practice Law and Rules
Laws Affected:: Add Art 13-C §§1360 - 1364, CPLR
Versions Introduced in Other Legislative Sessions:: 2023-2024: S4927, A3943
2025-2026: S5818, A1598

2021-S8163A (ACTIVE) - Summary

2021-S8163A (ACTIVE) - Sponsor Memo

                                 
BILL NUMBER: S8163A

SPONSOR: SEPULVEDA
 
TITLE OF BILL:

An act to amend the civil practice law and rules, in relation to creat-
ing a civil cause of action for the manufacture, sale, distribution, or
import of assault weapons or ghost guns within the state

 
PURPOSE:

To create a civil cause of action for the manufacture, sale, distrib-
ution of assault weapons or ghost guns within the State

 
SUMMARY OF PROVISIONS:

Section 1: Adding a new article 13-C to the civil practice law and
rules.

Section 1360: Definitions for "assault weapon" and "ghost gun".

Section 1361, subsection 1: Allows a person to bring a civil cause of

action against any person or entity who:

-manufacturesi distributes, or sells assault weapons or ghost guns or
parts for any such weapon, or

-aids and abets to an individual or entity in manufacturing, distribut-
ing, or selling assault weapons or ghost guns, or parts for any such
weapon, or

-intends to manufacture, distribute or sell assault weapons or ghost
guns, or parts for any such weapon, or

-transports or imports into the state, or causes to be distributed
transported, or imported into the state or gives or lends any assault
weapons or ghost guns within the state.

Subsection 2: States that should a plaintiff prevail in such action,
they shall be awarded injunctive relief, statutory damages not less than
$10,000 for each violation, and attorney's fees and other costs associ-
ated with bringing forward such cause of action. Sets an exception for
this relief if the defendant can prove that they previously paid the
full amount of damages in a previous action.  Establishes a statute of
limitation of 4 years of the date of violation or aiding and abetting of
the violation. Notwithstanding any other law, this state, a state offi-
cial, or a district or county attorney may not intervene in such
actions. Prohibits a court from awarding costs or attorney's fees to a
defendant.

Section 1362: Sets prohibited defenses to an action brought forward by
this article.

Section 1363: Sets affirmative defenses to an action brought forward by
this article and establishes that the defendant would have the burden of
proving an affirmative defense.

Section 1364: Establishes that this article may not be construed as
violating the first amendment of the United States constitution,
Section 2: Provides for severability.

Section 3: Sets the effective date as immediately.

 
JUSTIFICATION:

In December 2021, the Supreme Court ruled that the Texas law allowing
citizens to sue individuals who assist or perform abortions would be
allowed to go into effect until any other legal challenge is brought
before the Court. Using the same legal reasoning and in light of the
passing of Jose Webster Untraceable Firearms Act, the State of New York
must ensure that any manufacturer who produces assault weapons, "Ghost
Guns", or any item that can be used to create untraceable weapons are
held civilly liable. In some cities, "Ghost Guns" account for half of
recovered weapons from homicide scenes. The passing of this bill would
allow private citizens to sue any manufacturer producing any item that
can be used to create "Ghost Guns" for a minimum of $10,000 plus any
attorney fees. This bill would help our state combat the epidemic of gun
violence.

 
LEGISLATIVE HISTORY:

New Bill

 
EFFECTIVE DATE:
This act shall take effect immediately.

2021-S8163A (ACTIVE) - Bill Text download pdf

                             
                     S T A T E   O F   N E W   Y O R K
 ________________________________________________________________________
 
                                  8163--A
 
                             I N  S E N A T E
 
                             January 27, 2022
                                ___________
 
 Introduced  by Sens. SEPULVEDA, MYRIE -- read twice and ordered printed,
   and when printed to be committed to  the  Committee  on  Judiciary  --
   committee  discharged,  bill amended, ordered reprinted as amended and
   recommitted to said committee
 
 AN ACT to amend the civil practice law and rules, in relation to  creat-
   ing  a  civil cause of action for the manufacture, sale, distribution,
   or import of assault weapons or ghost guns within the state
 
   THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, REPRESENTED IN SENATE AND  ASSEM-
 BLY, DO ENACT AS FOLLOWS:
 
   Section 1. The civil practice law and rules is amended by adding a new
 article 13-C to read as follows:
                               ARTICLE 13-C
                      CIVIL REMEDIES; GUN SAFETY LAWS
 SECTION 1360. DEFINITION.
         1361. ACTION TO RECOVER DAMAGES.
         1362. PROHIBITED DEFENSES.
         1363. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES.
         1364. CONSTRUCTION.
   §  1360.  DEFINITION.  FOR  THE  PURPOSES OF THIS ARTICLE: 1. "ASSAULT
 WEAPON" SHALL HAVE THE SAME MEANING AS SUCH TERM IS DEFINED IN  SUBDIVI-
 SION TWENTY-TWO OF SECTION 265.00 OF THE PENAL LAW.
   2.  "GHOST GUN" SHALL HAVE THE SAME MEANING AS SUCH TERM IS DEFINED IN
 SUBDIVISION THIRTY-TWO OF SECTION 265.00 OF THE PENAL LAW.
   § 1361. ACTION TO RECOVER DAMAGES. 1. ANY PERSON, OTHER THAN AN  OFFI-
 CER  OR EMPLOYEE OF A STATE OR LOCAL GOVERNMENT ENTITY IN THIS STATE MAY
 BRING A CIVIL CAUSE OF ACTION AGAINST ANY PERSON OR ENTITY WHO:
   (A) MANUFACTURES, DISTRIBUTES, OR SELLS ASSAULT WEAPONS OR GHOST GUNS,
 OR PARTS FOR ANY SUCH WEAPONS OR GHOST GUNS WITHIN THE STATE;
   (B) AIDS AND ABETS AN INDIVIDUAL OR ENTITY IN MANUFACTURING,  DISTRIB-
 UTING,  OR  SELLING ASSAULT WEAPONS OR GHOST GUNS, OR PARTS FOR ANY SUCH
 WEAPONS OR GHOST GUNS WITHIN THE STATE;
   (C) INTENDS TO MANUFACTURE, DISTRIBUTE, OR  SELL  ASSAULT  WEAPONS  OR
 GHOST  GUNS  WITHIN THE STATE OR AID AND ABET AN INDIVIDUAL OR ENTITY IN
 
  EXPLANATION--Matter in ITALICS (underscored) is new; matter in brackets
                       [ ] is old law to be omitted.
                                                            LBD14024-02-2

 S. 8163--A                          2
 
 MANUFACTURING, DISTRIBUTING, OR SELLING ASSAULT WEAPONS OR  GHOST  GUNS,
 OR PARTS FOR ANY SUCH WEAPONS OR GHOST GUNS WITHIN THE STATE; OR
   (D) TRANSPORTS OR IMPORTS INTO THE STATE, OR CAUSES TO BE DISTRIBUTED,
 TRANSPORTED,  OR  IMPORTED  INTO THE STATE OR GIVES OR LENDS ANY ASSAULT
 WEAPONS OR GHOST GUNS WITHIN THE STATE.
   2. (A) IF A PLAINTIFF PREVAILS IN AN ACTION BROUGHT PURSUANT  TO  THIS
 SECTION, SUCH PLAINTIFF SHALL BE AWARDED INJUNCTIVE RELIEF SUFFICIENT TO
 PREVENT  THE DEFENDANT FROM CONTINUING TO AID AND ABET ANY VIOLATION THE
 PROVISIONS OF LAW SET FORTH IN SUBDIVISION ONE OF THIS SECTION, STATUTO-
 RY DAMAGES IN AN AMOUNT NOT LESS THAN  TEN  THOUSAND  DOLLARS  FOR  EACH
 VIOLATION  OF  SUCH  PROVISIONS  AND FOR ANY AIDING AND ABETTING OF SUCH
 PROVISIONS, AND ATTORNEY'S FEES AND OTHER COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH BRINGING
 SUCH CAUSE OF ACTION.
   (B) A COURT MAY NOT AWARD RELIEF UNDER PARAGRAPH (A) OF THIS  SUBDIVI-
 SION  IN  RESPONSE TO A CAUSE OF ACTION BROUGHT PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION
 IF THE DEFENDANT DEMONSTRATES THAT HE OR SHE PREVIOUSLY  PAID  THE  FULL
 AMOUNT  OF  STATUTORY DAMAGES PURSUANT TO PARAGRAPH (A) OF THIS SUBDIVI-
 SION IN A PREVIOUS ACTION FOR THAT PARTICULAR VIOLATION OF  A  PROVISION
 OF  LAW  AS  SET  FORTH  IN  SUBDIVISION  ONE OF THIS SECTION OR FOR THE
 PARTICULAR AIDING AND ABETTING THE VIOLATION OF A PROVISION OF  LAW  SET
 FORTH IN SUBDIVISION ONE OF THIS SECTION.
   3.  A  PLAINTIFF  MAY BRING A CAUSE OF ACTION PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION
 WITHIN FOUR YEARS OF THE DATE OF THE VIOLATION OR AIDING AND ABETTING OF
 THE VIOLATION OF THE PROVISIONS OF LAW.
   4. NOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER LAW, THIS STATE, A STATE OFFICIAL,  OR  A
 DISTRICT OR COUNTY ATTORNEY MAY NOT INTERVENE IN AN ACTION BROUGHT UNDER
 THIS  SECTION.   THIS SUBDIVISION DOES NOT PROHIBIT ANY SUCH PERSON FROM
 FILING AN AMICUS CURIAE BRIEF IN THE ACTION.
   5. NOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER LAW, A  COURT  MAY  NOT  AWARD  COSTS  OR
 ATTORNEY'S  FEES  TO  A  DEFENDANT IN AN ACTION BROUGHT PURSUANT TO THIS
 SECTION.
   § 1362. PROHIBITED DEFENSES. THE FOLLOWING SHALL NOT BE A  DEFENSE  TO
 AN ACTION BROUGHT PURSUANT TO SECTION THIRTEEN HUNDRED SIXTY-ONE OF THIS
 ARTICLE:
   1. IGNORANCE OR MISTAKE OF LAW;
   2.  A  DEFENDANT'S BELIEF THAT THE REQUIREMENTS OF THIS SECTION ARE OR
 WERE UNCONSTITUTIONAL;
   3. A DEFENDANT'S RELIANCE ON ANY STATE OR FEDERAL COURT DECISION  THAT
 IS NOT BINDING ON THE COURT IN WHICH THE ACTION HAS BEEN BROUGHT;
   4.  A  DEFENDANT'S  RELIANCE ON ANY COURT DECISION THAT HAS BEEN OVER-
 RULED ON APPEAL OR BY A SUBSEQUENT COURT, EVEN IF SUCH DECISION HAS  NOT
 BEEN  OVERRULED WHEN THE DEFENDANT VIOLATED, AIDED OR ABETTED IN VIOLAT-
 ING, OR INTENDED TO VIOLATE THE PROVISIONS OF SUBDIVISION ONE OF SECTION
 THIRTEEN HUNDRED SIXTY-ONE OF THIS ARTICLE;
   5. NON-MUTUAL PRECLUSION OR NON-MUTUAL CLAIM PRECLUSION; OR
   6. ANY CLAIM THAT THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE PROVISIONS OF THIS SECTION OR
 THE IMPOSITION OF CIVIL LIABILITY AGAINST THE DEFENDANT WILL VIOLATE THE
 CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS OF THIRD PARTIES.
   § 1363. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES. 1. THE FOLLOWING  SHALL  BE  AFFIRMATIVE
 DEFENSES  TO  AN  ACTION  BROUGHT  PURSUANT  TO SECTION THIRTEEN HUNDRED
 SIXTY-ONE OF THIS ARTICLE:
   (A) A DEFENDANT WHO AIDED OR ABETTED A VIOLATION OF ONE OR MORE OF THE
 PROVISIONS OF SUBDIVISION ONE OF SECTION THIRTEEN HUNDRED  SIXTY-ONE  OF
 THIS ARTICLE REASONABLY BELIEVED, AFTER CONDUCTING A REASONABLE INVESTI-
 GATION,  THAT  AN  INDIVIDUAL VIOLATING SUCH PROVISION OR PROVISIONS HAD
 COMPLIED OR WOULD COMPLY WITH SUCH LAWS; OR
 S. 8163--A                          3
 
   (B) A DEFENDANT WHO INTENDED TO VIOLATE OR AID AND ABET A VIOLATION OF
 ONE OR MORE OF THE PROVISIONS OF SUBDIVISION  ONE  OF  SECTION  THIRTEEN
 HUNDRED  SIXTY-ONE OF THIS ARTICLE REASONABLY BELIEVED, AFTER CONDUCTING
 A REASONABLE INVESTIGATION, THAT AN INDIVIDUAL VIOLATING SUCH  PROVISION
 OR PROVISIONS WOULD COMPLY WITH SUCH LAWS.
   2.  THE  DEFENDANT  SHALL  HAVE  THE  BURDEN OF PROVING AN AFFIRMATIVE
 DEFENSE UNDER SUBDIVISION ONE OF THIS SECTION.
   § 1364. CONSTRUCTION. THIS ARTICLE MAY  NOT  BE  CONSTRUED  TO  IMPOSE
 LIABILITY  ON  ANY SPEECH OR CONDUCT PROTECTED BY THE FIRST AMENDMENT OF
 THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION.
   § 2. Severability. If any clause, sentence, paragraph  or  section  of
 this  act shall be adjudged by any court of competent jurisdiction to be
 invalid, the judgment shall not affect, impair or invalidate the remain-
 der thereof, but shall be confined  in  its  operation  to  the  clause,
 sentence,  paragraph or section thereof directly involved in the contro-
 versy in which the judgment shall have been rendered.
   § 3. This act shall take effect immediately.

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Senate Bill S8163

Sponsored By

Archive: Last Bill Status - In Senate Committee Judiciary Committee

Actions

Bill Amendments

co-Sponsors

2021-S8163 - Details

2021-S8163 - Summary

2021-S8163 - Sponsor Memo

2021-S8163 - Bill Text download pdf

co-Sponsors

2021-S8163A (ACTIVE) - Details

2021-S8163A (ACTIVE) - Summary

2021-S8163A (ACTIVE) - Sponsor Memo

2021-S8163A (ACTIVE) - Bill Text download pdf

Comments

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Senate Bill S8163

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Sponsored By

Luis R. Sepúlveda

Archive: Last Bill Status - In Senate Committee Judiciary Committee

Actions

Bill Amendments

co-Sponsors

Zellnor Myrie

2021-S8163 - Details

2021-S8163 - Summary

2021-S8163 - Sponsor Memo

2021-S8163 - Bill Text download pdf

co-Sponsors

Zellnor Myrie

2021-S8163A (ACTIVE) - Details

2021-S8163A (ACTIVE) - Summary

2021-S8163A (ACTIVE) - Sponsor Memo

2021-S8163A (ACTIVE) - Bill Text download pdf

Comments