S T A T E O F N E W Y O R K
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10023
I N A S S E M B L Y
January 28, 2026
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Introduced by M. of A. BRONSON -- read once and referred to the Commit-
tee on Labor
AN ACT to amend the labor law, in relation to prohibiting non-compete
agreements and certain restrictive covenants
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, REPRESENTED IN SENATE AND ASSEM-
BLY, DO ENACT AS FOLLOWS:
Section 1. The labor law is amended by adding a new section 191-d to
read as follows:
§ 191-D. NON-COMPETE AGREEMENTS. 1. FOR THE PURPOSES OF THIS SECTION,
THE TERM:
(A) "NON-COMPETE AGREEMENT" MEANS ANY AGREEMENT, OR CLAUSE CONTAINED
IN ANY AGREEMENT, BETWEEN AN EMPLOYER AND A COVERED INDIVIDUAL THAT
PROHIBITS OR RESTRICTS SUCH COVERED INDIVIDUAL FROM OBTAINING EMPLOY-
MENT, AFTER THE CONCLUSION OF EMPLOYMENT WITH THE EMPLOYER INCLUDED AS A
PARTY TO THE AGREEMENT;
(B) "COVERED INDIVIDUAL" MEANS ANY PERSON OTHER THAN A HIGHLY COMPEN-
SATED INDIVIDUAL WHO, WHETHER OR NOT EMPLOYED UNDER A CONTRACT OF
EMPLOYMENT, PERFORMS OR HAS PERFORMED WORK OR SERVICES FOR ANOTHER
PERSON ON SUCH TERMS AND CONDITIONS THAT THEY ARE, IN RELATION TO THAT
OTHER PERSON, IN A POSITION OF ECONOMIC DEPENDENCE ON, AND UNDER AN
OBLIGATION TO PERFORM DUTIES FOR, THAT OTHER PERSON;
(C) "HIGHLY COMPENSATED INDIVIDUAL" MEANS ANY INDIVIDUAL WHO IS
COMPENSATED AT AN AVERAGE ANNUALIZED RATE OF CASH COMPENSATION DETER-
MINED BY THE INCOME LISTED ON THE INDIVIDUAL'S THREE MOST RECENT W-2
STATEMENTS AND, WHERE APPLICABLE, K-1 STATEMENTS, OR ALL SUCH STATEMENTS
FROM THE DURATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL'S EMPLOYMENT IF THE TERM OF EMPLOY-
MENT IS LESS THAN THREE YEARS, EQUIVALENT TO OR GREATER THAN FIVE
HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLARS PER YEAR, PROVIDED THAT SUCH COMPENSATION LEVEL
SHALL BE ADJUSTED EACH CALENDAR YEAR, BEGINNING IN TWO THOUSAND TWENTY-
SEVEN, BASED ON THE INCREASE, IF ANY, IN THE CONSUMER PRICE INDEX FOR
ALL URBAN CONSUMERS FOR NEW YORK STATE, WITH THE BASE YEAR OF TWO THOU-
SAND TWENTY-SIX; AND
(D) "HEALTH RELATED PROFESSIONAL" MEANS A PHYSICIAN LICENSED PURSUANT
TO ARTICLE ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-ONE OF THE EDUCATION LAW, A PHYSICIAN
EXPLANATION--Matter in ITALICS (underscored) is new; matter in brackets
[ ] is old law to be omitted.
LBD09274-03-5
A. 10023 2
ASSISTANT LICENSED PURSUANT TO ARTICLE ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-ONE-B OF THE
EDUCATION LAW, A CHIROPRACTOR LICENSED PURSUANT TO ARTICLE ONE HUNDRED
THIRTY-TWO OF THE EDUCATION LAW, A DENTIST LICENSED PURSUANT TO ARTICLE
ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-THREE OF THE EDUCATION LAW, A PERFUSIONIST LICENSED
PURSUANT TO ARTICLE ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-FOUR OF THE EDUCATION LAW, A
VETERINARIAN LICENSED PURSUANT TO ARTICLE ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-FIVE OF THE
EDUCATION LAW, A PHYSICAL THERAPIST LICENSED PURSUANT TO ARTICLE ONE
HUNDRED THIRTY-SIX OF THE EDUCATION LAW, A PHARMACIST LICENSED PURSUANT
TO ARTICLE ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-SEVEN OF THE EDUCATION LAW, A NURSE
LICENSED PURSUANT TO ARTICLE ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-NINE OF THE EDUCATION
LAW, A PODIATRIST LICENSED PURSUANT TO ARTICLE ONE HUNDRED FORTY-ONE OF
THE EDUCATION LAW, AN OPTOMETRIST LICENSED PURSUANT TO ARTICLE ONE
HUNDRED FORTY-THREE OF THE EDUCATION LAW, A PSYCHOLOGIST LICENSED PURSU-
ANT TO ARTICLE ONE HUNDRED FIFTY-THREE OF THE EDUCATION LAW, AN OCCUPA-
TIONAL THERAPIST LICENSED PURSUANT TO ARTICLE ONE HUNDRED FIFTY-SIX OF
THE EDUCATION LAW, A SPEECH PATHOLOGIST OR AUDIOLOGIST LICENSED PURSUANT
TO ARTICLE ONE HUNDRED FIFTY-NINE OF THE EDUCATION LAW, OR A MENTAL
HEALTH PRACTITIONER LICENSED PURSUANT TO ARTICLE ONE HUNDRED SIXTY-THREE
OF THE EDUCATION LAW.
2. NO EMPLOYER OR ITS AGENT, OR THE OFFICER OR AGENT OF ANY CORPO-
RATION, PARTNERSHIP, LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY, NOT-FOR-PROFIT CORPO-
RATION OR ASSOCIATION OR OTHER ENTITY, SHALL SEEK, REQUIRE, DEMAND OR
ACCEPT A NON-COMPETE AGREEMENT FROM ANY COVERED INDIVIDUAL OR HEALTH
RELATED PROFESSIONAL. ANY NON-COMPETE AGREEMENT SOUGHT, REQUIRED,
DEMANDED OR ACCEPTED AFTER THE EFFECTIVE DATE OF THIS SECTION SHALL BE
NULL, VOID, AND UNENFORCEABLE.
3. (A) A COVERED INDIVIDUAL, MAY BRING A CIVIL ACTION IN A COURT OF
COMPETENT JURISDICTION AGAINST ANY EMPLOYER OR PERSONS ALLEGED TO HAVE
VIOLATED THIS SECTION. A COVERED INDIVIDUAL SHALL BRING SUCH ACTION
WITHIN TWO YEARS OF THE LATER OF: (I) WHEN THE PROHIBITED NON-COMPETE
AGREEMENT WAS SIGNED; (II) WHEN THE COVERED INDIVIDUAL LEARNS OF THE
PROHIBITED NON-COMPETE AGREEMENT; (III) WHEN THE EMPLOYMENT OR CONTRAC-
TUAL RELATIONSHIP IS TERMINATED; OR (IV) WHEN THE EMPLOYER TAKES ANY
STEP TO ENFORCE THE NON-COMPETE AGREEMENT. THE COURT SHALL HAVE JURIS-
DICTION TO VOID ANY SUCH NON-COMPETE AGREEMENT AND TO ORDER ALL APPRO-
PRIATE RELIEF, INCLUDING ENJOINING THE CONDUCT OF ANY PERSON OR EMPLOY-
ER; ORDERING PAYMENT OF LIQUIDATED DAMAGES; AND AWARDING LOST
COMPENSATION, COMPENSATORY DAMAGES, REASONABLE ATTORNEYS' FEES AND COSTS
TO THE COVERED INDIVIDUAL OR HEALTH RELATED PROFESSIONAL.
(B) FOR THE PURPOSES OF THIS SUBDIVISION, LIQUIDATED DAMAGES SHALL BE
CALCULATED AS AN AMOUNT NOT MORE THAN TEN THOUSAND DOLLARS PER COVERED
INDIVIDUAL OR HEALTH RELATED PROFESSIONAL. THE COURT SHALL AWARD LIQUI-
DATED DAMAGES TO EVERY COVERED INDIVIDUAL AFFECTED UNDER THIS SECTION,
IN ADDITION TO ANY OTHER REMEDIES PERMITTED BY THIS SECTION.
4. NOTHING IN THIS SECTION SHALL BE CONSTRUED OR INTERPRETED AS LIMIT-
ING THE PROTECTIONS OF INDIVIDUALS UNDER ANY OTHER PROVISION OF FEDERAL,
STATE, OR LOCAL LAW, RULE, OR REGULATION RELATING TO THE ABILITY OF AN
EMPLOYER TO ENTER INTO AN AGREEMENT WITH A PROSPECTIVE OR CURRENT
COVERED INDIVIDUAL OR HEALTH RELATED PROFESSIONAL THAT: (A) ESTABLISHES
A FIXED TERM OF SERVICE AND/OR EXCLUSIVITY DURING EMPLOYMENT; (B)
PROHIBITS DISCLOSURE OF TRADE SECRETS; (C) PROHIBITS DISCLOSURE OF
CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY CLIENT INFORMATION; OR (D) PROHIBITS SOLIC-
ITATION OF CLIENTS OF THE EMPLOYER; PROVIDED THAT SUCH AGREEMENTS DO NOT
OTHERWISE RESTRICT COMPETITION IN VIOLATION OF THIS SECTION.
5. NOTHING IN THIS SECTION SHALL BE CONSTRUED TO AMEND, MODIFY,
IMPAIR, OR OTHERWISE AFFECT THE APPLICATION OF ENFORCEMENT OF SECTION
A. 10023 3
TWO HUNDRED TWO-K OF THIS CHAPTER, NOR SHALL IT BE INTERPRETED TO CREATE
ANY CONFLICT OR INCONSISTENCY WITH SUCH PROVISION.
6. NOTWITHSTANDING ANY OTHER PROVISION OF THIS SECTION TO THE CONTRA-
RY, NOTHING IN THIS SECTION SHALL PROHIBIT THE INCLUSION AND ENFORCEMENT
OF NON-COMPETE AGREEMENTS OR OTHER SIMILAR COVENANTS IN THE SALE OF THE
GOODWILL OF A BUSINESS OR THE SALE OR DISPOSITION OF A MAJORITY OF AN
OWNERSHIP INTEREST IN A BUSINESS BY A PARTNER OF A PARTNERSHIP, A MEMBER
OF A LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY, OR AN ENTITY FOR:
(A) ANY SUCH PARTNER OF A PARTNERSHIP OR MEMBER OF A LIMITED LIABILITY
COMPANY OWNING AT LEAST A FIFTEEN PERCENT INTEREST IN SUCH PARTNERSHIP
OR LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY; OR
(B) ANY SUCH PERSON OR ENTITY OWNING FIFTEEN PERCENT OR MORE OWNERSHIP
INTEREST IN A BUSINESS.
7. ANY NON-COMPETE AGREEMENT THAT IS PERMISSIBLE OR ENFORCEABLE UNDER
THIS SECTION SHALL:
(A) MEET ALL REQUIREMENTS FOR DETERMINING ENFORCEABILITY UNDER THE
COMMON LAW OF NEW YORK, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO: (I) IT IS REASON-
ABLE IN TIME, GEOGRAPHY, AND SCOPE; (II) IT DOES NOT IMPOSE AN UNDUE
HARDSHIP ON THE EMPLOYEE; (III) IT DOES NOT HARM THE PUBLIC; (IV) IT IS
NECESSARY TO PROTECT THE EMPLOYER'S LEGITIMATE BUSINESS INTERESTS; AND
(V) ITS RESTRICTIONS ARE NO GREATER THAN NECESSARY TO PROTECT THE LEGIT-
IMATE BUSINESS INTERESTS OF THE EMPLOYER. A NON-COMPETE AGREEMENT THAT
IS REASONABLE IN TIME PURSUANT TO SUBPARAGRAPH (I) OF THIS PARAGRAPH
SHALL NOT CONTAIN A TERM OF RESTRICTION GREATER THAN ONE YEAR; AND
(B) PROVIDE FOR THE PAYMENT OF SALARY DURING THE PERIOD OF ENFORCEMENT
OF THE NON-COMPETE AGREEMENT.
8. NO CHOICE OF LAW PROVISION OR CHOICE OF VENUE PROVISION THAT WOULD
HAVE THE EFFECT OF AVOIDING OR LIMITING THE REQUIREMENTS OF THIS SECTION
SHALL BE ENFORCEABLE IF THE COVERED INDIVIDUAL IS AND HAS BEEN, FOR AT
LEAST THIRTY DAYS IMMEDIATELY PRECEDING THE COVERED INDIVIDUAL'S CESSA-
TION OF EMPLOYMENT, A RESIDENT OF NEW YORK OR EMPLOYED IN NEW YORK,
INCLUDING INDIVIDUALS WHO WORK REMOTELY IN ANOTHER STATE BUT WHO REPORT
TO A NEW YORK WORKSITE OR OFFICE OR WHO REPORT TO A NEW YORK-BASED
SUPERVISOR.
9. EVERY EMPLOYER SHALL INFORM THEIR EMPLOYEES OF THEIR PROTECTIONS
AND RIGHTS UNDER THIS SECTION BY POSTING A NOTICE THEREOF PURSUANT TO
SECTION FORTY-FIVE OF THIS CHAPTER. SUCH NOTICE SHALL BE POSTED CONSPIC-
UOUSLY IN EASILY ACCESSIBLE AND WELL-LIGHTED PLACES CUSTOMARILY
FREQUENTED BY EMPLOYEES AND APPLICANTS FOR EMPLOYMENT.
§ 2. The labor law is amended by adding a new section 45 to read as
follows:
§ 45. NOTICE TO EMPLOYEES RELATED TO NON-COMPETE AGREEMENTS. THE
DEPARTMENT SHALL BE TASKED WITH DEVELOPING A NOTICE TO INFORM EMPLOYEES
OF THEIR PROTECTIONS AND RIGHTS PURSUANT TO SECTION ONE HUNDRED NINETY-
ONE-D OF THIS CHAPTER. SUCH NOTICE SHALL BE PROVIDED TO EMPLOYERS FOR
DISTRIBUTION TO EMPLOYEES AND POSTED ON THE DEPARTMENT'S WEBSITE.
§ 3. Severability clause. If any clause, sentence, paragraph, subdivi-
sion, section or part of this act shall be adjudged by any court of
competent jurisdiction to be invalid, such judgment shall not affect,
impair, or invalidate the remainder thereof, but shall be confined in
its operation to the clause, sentence, paragraph, subdivision, section
or part thereof directly involved in the controversy in which such judg-
ment shall have been rendered. It is hereby declared to be the intent of
the legislature that this act would have been enacted even if such
invalid provisions had not been included herein.
A. 10023 4
§ 4. This act shall take effect on the thirtieth day after it shall
have become a law and shall be applicable to contracts entered into or
modified on or after such effective date and shall have no retroactive
effect; provided, however, that section two of this act shall take
effect on the one hundred eightieth day after it shall have become a
law. Effective immediately, the addition, amendment, and/or repeal of
any rule or regulation necessary for the implementation of this act on
its effective date are authorized to be made and completed on or before
such effective date.