S T A T E O F N E W Y O R K
________________________________________________________________________
6278
2025-2026 Regular Sessions
I N S E N A T E
March 7, 2025
___________
Introduced by Sen. SCARCELLA-SPANTON -- read twice and ordered printed,
and when printed to be committed to the Committee on Codes
AN ACT to amend the penal law, in relation to establishing the crime of
aggravated harassment by means of electronic or digital communication;
and to amend the civil rights law, in relation to providing for a
private right of action for the unlawful dissemination or publication
of deep fakes
THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, REPRESENTED IN SENATE AND ASSEM-
BLY, DO ENACT AS FOLLOWS:
Section 1. The penal law is amended by adding a new section 240.80 to
read as follows:
§ 240.80 AGGRAVATED HARASSMENT BY MEANS OF ELECTRONIC OR DIGITAL COMMU-
NICATION.
1. A PERSON IS GUILTY OF AGGRAVATED HARASSMENT BY MEANS OF ELECTRONIC
OR DIGITAL COMMUNICATION WHEN, WITH THE INTENT TO HARASS, ANNOY, THREAT-
EN OR ALARM ANOTHER PERSON, SUCH PERSON PRODUCES, DISTRIBUTES, PUBLISHES
OR BROADCASTS MATERIAL THAT CONTAINS A PICTURE, PHOTOGRAPH OR IMAGE OF A
PERSON OR PERSONS OR A DEEP FAKE INTO WHICH THE IMAGE OF ANOTHER PERSON
OR PERSONS IS SUPERIMPOSED AS A DEEP FAKE.
2. FOR PURPOSES OF THIS SECTION, "DEEP FAKE" MEANS A DIGITIZED IMAGE
THAT IS ALTERED TO INCORPORATE A PERSON'S FACE OR THEIR IDENTIFIABLE
BODY PART ONTO SUCH IMAGE, AND SUCH IMAGE IS ANY PRINTED MATERIAL,
ADVERTISEMENT, MOVIE, VIDEO, COMMUNICATION OR COMPUTER IMAGE THAT
DEPICTS A PORNOGRAPHIC OR LEWD SEX ACT AS DEFINED PURSUANT TO SECTION
245.00 OR 130.00 OF THIS PART, OR GRAPHIC VIOLENCE, THAT IS PUBLISHED
WITHOUT THE EXPLICIT WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE INDIVIDUAL OR INDIVIDUALS
DEPICTED, AND FOR NO OTHER LEGITIMATE PURPOSE OTHER THAN TO HARASS,
ANNOY, THREATEN OR ALARM ANOTHER PERSON.
AGGRAVATED HARASSMENT BY MEANS OF ELECTRONIC OR DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
SHALL BE A CLASS A MISDEMEANOR.
EXPLANATION--Matter in ITALICS (underscored) is new; matter in brackets
[ ] is old law to be omitted.
LBD07436-01-5
S. 6278 2
§ 2. Section 52-b of the civil rights law, as added by chapter 109 of
the laws of 2019, the opening paragraph of subdivision 1, subdivisions 4
and 5 as amended and subdivision 11 as added by section 3 of subpart A
of part MM of chapter 58 of the laws of 2024, is amended to read as
follows:
§ 52-b. Private right of action for unlawful dissemination or publica-
tion of an intimate image OR DEEP FAKE. 1. Any person depicted in a
still or video image, including an image created or altered by digitiza-
tion, regardless of whether or not the original still or video image was
consensually obtained, shall have a cause of action against an individ-
ual who, for the purpose of harassing, annoying or alarming such person,
disseminated or published, or threatened to disseminate or publish, such
still or video image, where such image OR DEEP FAKE:
a. WAS A DEEP FAKE OR was taken when such person had a reasonable
expectation that [the] THEIR image would remain private; and
b. depicts (i) an unclothed or exposed intimate part of such person;
or (ii) such person engaging in sexual conduct, as defined in subdivi-
sion ten of section 130.00 of the penal law, with another person; and
c. was disseminated or published, or threatened to be disseminated or
published, without the consent of such person.
2. In any action commenced pursuant to subdivision one of this
section, the finder of fact, in its discretion, may award injunctive
relief, punitive damages, compensatory damages and reasonable court
costs and attorney's fees.
3. This section shall not apply to the following:
a. the reporting of unlawful conduct;
b. dissemination or publication of an intimate still [or], video image
OR DEEP FAKE made during lawful and common practices of law enforcement,
legal proceedings or medical treatment;
c. images involving voluntary exposure in a public or commercial
setting; or
d. dissemination or publication of an intimate still [or], video image
OR DEEP FAKE made for a legitimate public purpose.
4. Any person depicted in a still [or], video image OR DEEP FAKE,
including an image created or altered by digitization, that depicts an
unclothed or exposed intimate part of such person, or such person engag-
ing in sexual conduct as defined in subdivision ten of section 130.00 of
the penal law with another person, which is disseminated or published
without the consent of such person and where such person had a reason-
able expectation that the image would remain private, may maintain an
action or special proceeding for a court order to require any website
that is subject to personal jurisdiction under subdivision five of this
section to permanently remove such still or video image OR DEEP FAKE;
any such court order granted pursuant to this subdivision may direct
removal only as to images that are reasonably within such website's
control.
5. a. Any website that hosts or transmits a still [or], video image OR
DEEP FAKE, including an image created or altered by digitization, view-
able in this state, taken OR PRODUCED under circumstances where the
person depicted had a reasonable expectation that the image would remain
private, which depicts:
(i) an unclothed or exposed intimate part, as defined in section
245.15 of the penal law, of a resident of this state; or
(ii) a resident of this state engaging in sexual conduct as defined in
subdivision ten of section 130.00 of the penal law with another person;
and
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b. Such still [or], video image OR DEEP FAKE is hosted or transmitted
without the consent of such resident of this state, shall be subject to
personal jurisdiction in a civil action in this state to the maximum
extent permitted under the United States constitution and federal law.
6. A cause of action or special proceeding under this section shall be
commenced the later of either:
a. three years after the dissemination or publication of an image; or
b. one year from the date a person discovers, or reasonably should
have discovered, the dissemination or publication of such image.
6-A. FOR PURPOSES OF THIS SECTION, THE FOLLOWING TERMS SHALL HAVE THE
FOLLOWING MEANINGS:
A. "INDIVIDUAL" MEANS A PERSON, CORPORATION, BUSINESS ENTITY, FIRM,
ASSOCIATION, COMMITTEE OR ORGANIZATION CONDUCTING BUSINESS WITHIN THE
STATE OF NEW YORK.
B. "DEEP FAKE" MEANS A DIGITIZED IMAGE THAT IS ALTERED TO INCORPORATE
A PERSON'S FACE OR THEIR IDENTIFIABLE BODY PART ONTO SUCH IMAGE, AND
SUCH IMAGE IS ANY PRINTED MATERIAL, ADVERTISEMENT, MOVIE, VIDEO, COMMU-
NICATION OR COMPUTER IMAGE THAT DEPICTS A PORNOGRAPHIC OR LEWD SEX ACT
AS DEFINED PURSUANT TO SECTION 245.00 OR 130.00 OF THE PENAL LAW, OR
GRAPHIC VIOLENCE, THAT IS PUBLISHED WITHOUT THE EXPLICIT WRITTEN PERMIS-
SION OF THE INDIVIDUAL OR INDIVIDUALS DEPICTED, AND FOR NO OTHER LEGITI-
MATE PURPOSE OTHER THAN TO HARASS, ANNOY, THREATEN OR ALARM ANOTHER
PERSON.
7. Nothing [herein] IN THIS SECTION shall be read to require a prior
criminal complaint, prosecution or conviction to establish the elements
of the cause of action provided for by this section.
8. The provisions of this section are in addition to, but shall not
supersede, any other rights or remedies available in law or equity.
9. If any provision of this section or its application to any person
or circumstance is held invalid, the invalidity shall not affect other
provisions or applications of this section which can be given effect
without the invalid provision or application, and to this end the
provisions of this section are severable.
10. Nothing in this section shall be construed to limit, or to
enlarge, the protections that 47 U.S.C § 230 confers on an interactive
computer service for content provided by another information content
provider, as such terms are defined in 47 U.S.C. § 230.
11. For purposes of this section, "digitization" means the use of
software, machine learning, artificial intelligence, or any other compu-
ter-generated or technological means, including adapting, modifying,
manipulating, or altering a realistic depiction.
§ 3. Section 52-c of the civil rights law, as added by chapter 304 of
the laws of 2020, and paragraphs b and e of subdivision 1 as amended by
section 4 of subpart A of part MM of chapter 58 of the laws of 2024, is
amended to read as follows:
§ 52-c. Private right of action for unlawful dissemination or publica-
tion of a sexually explicit depiction OR DEEP FAKE of an individual. 1.
For the purposes of this section:
a. "depicted individual" means an individual who appears, as a result
of digitization, to be giving a performance they did not actually
perform or to be performing in a performance that was actually performed
by the depicted individual but was subsequently altered to be in
violation of this section.
b. "digitization" means to realistically depict the nude body parts of
another human being as the nude body parts of the depicted individual,
computer-generated nude body parts as the nude body parts of the
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depicted individual or the depicted individual engaging in sexual
conduct, as defined in subdivision ten of section 130.00 of the penal
law, in which the depicted individual did not engage. "Digitization" may
also mean the use of software, machine learning, artificial intelli-
gence, or any other computer-generated or technological means, including
adapting, modifying, manipulating, or altering a realistic depiction.
c. "individual" means a natural person.
d. "person" means a human being or legal entity.
e. "sexually explicit material" means any portion of an audio visual
work OR DEEP FAKE that shows the depicted individual:
i. performing in the nude, meaning with an unclothed or exposed inti-
mate part, as defined in section 245.15 of the penal law;
ii. appearing to engage in, or being subjected to, sexual conduct, as
defined in subdivision ten of section 130.00 of the penal law; or
iii. posed in a manner intended to elicit sexual arousal or gratifica-
tion and where a person would have a reasonable expectation of privacy.
F. "DEEP FAKE" MEANS A DIGITIZED IMAGE THAT IS ALTERED TO INCORPORATE
AN INDIVIDUAL'S FACE OR THEIR IDENTIFIABLE BODY PART ONTO SUCH IMAGE,
AND SUCH IMAGE IS ANY PRINTED MATERIAL, ADVERTISEMENT, MOVIE, VIDEO,
COMMUNICATION OR COMPUTER IMAGE THAT DEPICTS A PORNOGRAPHIC OR LEWD SEX
ACT AS DEFINED PURSUANT TO SECTION 245.00 OR 130.00 OF THE PENAL LAW, OR
GRAPHIC VIOLENCE, THAT IS PUBLISHED WITHOUT THE EXPLICIT WRITTEN PERMIS-
SION OF THE INDIVIDUAL OR INDIVIDUALS DEPICTED, AND FOR NO OTHER LEGITI-
MATE PURPOSE OTHER THAN TO HARASS, ANNOY, THREATEN OR ALARM ANOTHER
PERSON.
2. a. A depicted individual shall have a cause of action against a
person who, discloses, disseminates, PRODUCES or publishes sexually
explicit material OR A DEEP FAKE related to the depicted individual, and
the person knows or reasonably should have known the depicted individual
in that material did not consent to its creation, disclosure, dissem-
ination, PRODUCTION or publication.
b. It shall not be a defense to an action under this section that
there is a disclaimer in the sexually explicit material that communi-
cates that the inclusion of the depicted individual in the sexually
explicit material was unauthorized or that the depicted individual did
not participate in the creation or development of the material.
3. a. A depicted individual may only consent to the creation, disclo-
sure, dissemination, PRODUCTION, or publication of sexually explicit
material OR A DEEP FAKE by knowingly and voluntarily signing an agree-
ment written in plain language that includes a general description of
the sexually explicit material and the audiovisual work in which it will
be incorporated.
b. A depicted individual may rescind consent by delivering written
notice within three business days from the date consent was given to the
person in whose favor consent was made, unless one of the following
requirements is satisfied:
i. the depicted individual is given at least three business days to
review the terms of the agreement before signing it; or
ii. if the depicted individual is represented, the attorney, talent
agent, or personal manager authorized to represent the depicted individ-
ual provides additional written approval of the signed agreement.
4. a. A person is not liable under this section if:
i. the person discloses, disseminates or publishes the sexually
explicit material in the course of reporting unlawful activity, exercis-
ing the person's law enforcement duties, or hearings, trials or other
legal proceedings; or
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ii. the sexually explicit material is a matter of legitimate public
concern, a work of political or newsworthy value or similar work, or
commentary, criticism or disclosure that is otherwise protected by the
constitution of this state or the United States; provided that sexually
explicit material shall not be considered of newsworthy value solely
because the depicted individual is a public figure.
5. In any action commenced pursuant to this section, the finder of
fact, in its discretion, may award injunctive relief, punitive damages,
compensatory damages, and reasonable court costs and attorney's fees.
6. A cause of action or special proceeding under this section shall be
commenced the later of either:
a. three years after the dissemination or publication of sexually
explicit material; or
b. one year from the date a person discovers, or reasonably should
have discovered, the dissemination or publication of such sexually
explicit material.
7. Nothing in this section shall be read to require a prior criminal
complaint, prosecution or conviction to establish the elements of the
cause of action provided for in this section.
8. The provisions of this section including the remedies are in addi-
tion to, and shall not supersede, any other rights or remedies available
in law or equity.
9. If any provision of this section or its application to any person
or circumstance is held invalid, the invalidity shall not affect other
provisions or applications of this section which can be given effect
without the invalid provision or application, and to this end the
provisions of this section are severable.
10. Nothing in this section shall be construed to limit, or to
enlarge, the protections that 47 U.S.C. § 230 confers on an interactive
computer service for content provided by another information content
provider, as such terms are defined in 47 U.S.C. § 230.
§ 4. This act shall take effect immediately.
