NY State Senate Bill 2025-S7544A

Current Bill Status - In Senate Committee Women's Issues Committee

Introduced
- In Committee Assembly
- In Committee Senate
- On Floor Calendar Assembly
- On Floor Calendar Senate
- Passed Assembly
- Passed Senate
Delivered to Governor
Signed By Governor

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Date of Action	Assembly Actions - Lowercase Senate Actions - UPPERCASE
Apr 23, 2025	print number 7544a
Apr 23, 2025	amend (t) and recommit to women's issues
Apr 22, 2025	referred to women's issues

Bill Amendments

Original

A (Active)

co-Sponsors

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2025-S7544 - Details

See Assembly Version of this Bill:: A1541
Current Committee:: Senate Women's Issues
Law Section:: Public Health Law
Laws Affected:: Add §2500-n, Pub Health L
Versions Introduced in Other Legislative Sessions:: 2021-2022: S8866, A9714
2023-2024: S5517, A2367

2025-S7544 - Summary

Establishes the cesarean births review board; provides such board shall be comprised of multidisciplinary experts to review the rate of cesarean births at hospitals in the state; provides reporting requirements.

2025-S7544 - Sponsor Memo

                                 
BILL NUMBER: S7544

SPONSOR: BROUK
 
TITLE OF BILL:

An act to amend the public health law, in relation to requiring the
advisory council on maternal mortality and morbidity to undertake a
review of the cesarean births at hospitals in the state

 
PURPOSE OR GENERAL IDEA OF BILL:

To create a cesarean births review board for the purpose of lowering
cesarean birth rates and improving maternal health

 
SUMMARY OF KEY PROVISIONS:

Section one of the bill amends the Public Health Law to expand the scope
of the maternal mortality review board to assess whether there was a
vaginal or cesarean birth when assessing cause of death.

Section two of the bill amends the Public Health Law to require the
board to assess whether there was a vaginal or cesarean birth when

reporting on each maternal death case.

Section three of the bill amends Public Health Law to require the advi-
sory council on maternal mortality and morbidity to undertake a review
of the cesarean births at hospitals in the state. The council shall
issue a final report. and make recommendations to reduce the rate of
cesarean births in the state.

Section four provides the effective date.

 
JUSTIFICATION:

The rate of cesarean birth in this state, and in this country, is not
nearly spoken about enough. Since the 1970s, the national rate of cesa-
rean births has increased by 500% which translates to about 1 in 3
babies delivered via C-section presently, compared to just 1 in 20
babies in the mid-1970s. Despite this growing trend, research demon-
strates there is no evidence that cesarean births provide any benefit to
the mother or newborn when the procedure is not required, in fact, it is
quite the opposite.

Currently, New York ranks 12th in the nation, where approximately 33% of
all deliveries in the state are cesarean. New York's cesarean birth rate
greatly exceeds the World Health Organization's and CDC's ideal rate
which is between 10 and 15 percent. While the state average is around
33%, it is important to note that cesarean birth rates vary greatly
across hospitals, ranging between 7% and 70% depending on what hospital
a birthing person goes to.

Further, studies have found that cesarean birth rates in hospitals are
directly linked to higher maternal death rates and higher costs for
healthcare. The increase in cesarean rates in the U.S. is linked to an
increase in maternal deaths overall as the procedure can lead to neona-
tal respiratory problems and maternal complications. In fact, cesareans
can account for three of the top six leading causes of maternal mortali-
ty-hemorrhage, complications of anesthesia, and infection. Many of these

maternal deaths are preventable given WHO's recommended rate of cesarean
deliveries.

Additionally, there is an alarming disparity in cesarean birth rates
among different birthing populations. Minority (non-Hispanic black,
Hispanic/Latina, Indigenous, and low socio-economic status) birthing
people receive cesareans at a significantly higher rate than non-Hispan-
ic white birthing people, which is also an indicator of low-quality
maternity care. Moreover, black birthing people are more likely to
receive a cesarean overall and importantly, they are also more likely to
undergo repeated cesareans compared to other birthing people, which
further increases the risk of mortality. In fact, in the U.S., black
birthing people die from pregnancy-related causes at higher rates and
have a four times greater risk of maternal death, more than any other
racial or ethnic group.

This bill would establish a "cesarean births review board" comprised of
experts in the field of maternal mortality, women's health and public
health, and must include healthcare professionals who are representative
of the racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic diversity of birthing people in
the state. The board will undertake a review of the rate of cesarean
births at hospitals across the state and consider several factors that
may impact the frequency of this procedure. The board will issue a final
report and make recommendations related to the impact cesarean births
have on birthing people and best practices that can be implemented to
reduce the rate of cesarean births and improve overall maternal health
in the state.

 
LEGISLATIVE HISTORY:

2022: S8866 - Referred to Women's Issues.

2023: S5517A - Amended and recommitted to Women's Issues.

2024: S5517A - Committed to Rules.

 
FISCAL IMPLICATIONS:

To be determined.

 
EFFECTIVE DATE:
This act shall take effect immediately.

2025-S7544 - Bill Text download pdf

                             
                     S T A T E   O F   N E W   Y O R K
 ________________________________________________________________________
 
                                   7544
 
                        2025-2026 Regular Sessions
 
                             I N  S E N A T E
 
                              April 22, 2025
                                ___________
 
 Introduced    by   Sens.   BROUK,   CLEARE,   MYRIE,   RAMOS,   SALAZAR,
   SCARCELLA-SPANTON -- read twice and ordered printed, and when  printed
   to be committed to the Committee on Women's Issues
 
 AN  ACT  to  amend  the  public health law, in relation to requiring the
   advisory council on maternal mortality and morbidity  to  undertake  a
   review of the cesarean births at hospitals in the state
 
   THE  PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, REPRESENTED IN SENATE AND ASSEM-
 BLY, DO ENACT AS FOLLOWS:
 
   Section 1. Paragraph (a) of subdivision  1  of  section  2509  of  the
 public  health  law,  as  amended by chapter 142 of the laws of 2019, is
 amended to read as follows:
   (a) There is hereby established in the department the maternal mortal-
 ity review board for the purpose of reviewing maternal deaths and mater-
 nal morbidity and developing  and  disseminating  findings,  recommenda-
 tions,  and  best  practices to contribute to the prevention of maternal
 mortality and morbidity. The board shall  assess  the  cause  of  death,
 INCLUDING WHETHER THERE WAS A VAGINAL OR CESAREAN BIRTH, factors leading
 to death and preventability for each maternal death reviewed and, in the
 discretion  of  the board, cases of severe maternal morbidity, and shall
 develop and disseminate strategies for reducing  the  risk  of  maternal
 mortality and morbidity, including risk resulting from racial, economic,
 or  other  disparities.  The  commissioner may delegate the authority to
 conduct maternal mortality reviews.
   § 2. Paragraph (a) of subdivision 5 of  section  2509  of  the  public
 health law, as amended by chapter 142 of the laws of 2019, is amended to
 read as follows:
   (a)  shall make and report findings and recommendations to the commis-
 sioner, and in the case of the city board to the  commissioner  and  the
 city  commissioner  regarding  the  cause  of  death, factors leading to
 death, and preventability of each maternal death case, INCLUDING WHETHER
 THERE WAS A VAGINAL OR CESAREAN BIRTH, and each case of severe  maternal

  EXPLANATION--Matter in ITALICS (underscored) is new; matter in brackets
                       [ ] is old law to be omitted.
                                                            LBD04471-01-5

 S. 7544                             2
 
 morbidity  reviewed  by the board, by reviewing relevant information for
 each case in the state or the city of New York, as the case may be,  and
 consulting  with  experts as needed to evaluate the information for each
 death;  and  shall  provide such findings and recommendations, including
 best practices and strategies for reducing the risk of maternal  mortal-
 ity  and  morbidity,  to  the  advisory  council; provided that material
 provided to the advisory council shall not include any information  that
 would be confidential under this section;
   §  3.  Paragraphs  (b) and (d) of subdivision 8 of section 2509 of the
 public health law, as amended by chapter 142 of the laws  of  2019,  are
 amended to read as follows:
   (b) The advisory council:
   (i) may review the findings of the boards;
   (ii)  may  develop  recommendations  on  policies, best practices, and
 strategies to prevent maternal mortality and morbidity;
   (iii) may hold public hearings on those matters;
   (iv) may make findings and issue reports, including an annual  report,
 on such matters; [and]
   (v)  may request and shall receive the assistance of the commissioner,
 the city commissioner, and the boards in carrying out its  functions[.];
 AND
   (VI)  SHALL  UNDERTAKE A REVIEW OF CESAREAN BIRTHS AT HOSPITALS IN THE
 STATE. THE COUNCIL SHALL ISSUE A FINAL REPORT AND  MAKE  RECOMMENDATIONS
 TO  REDUCE  THE  RATE OF CESAREAN BIRTHS IN THE STATE. THE COUNCIL SHALL
 CONSIDER FACTORS INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO: THE PRIMARY  AND  REPEAT
 CESAREAN  BIRTH RATES AMONG HOSPITALS IN THE STATE; THE HOSPITALS IN THE
 STATE THAT ALLOW OR ENCOURAGE VAGINAL BIRTHS AFTER CESAREAN BIRTHS;  THE
 RATE  OF  VAGINAL  BIRTHS  AFTER  CESAREAN BIRTHS AMONG HOSPITALS IN THE
 STATE; THE RATE OF  VAGINAL  BIRTHS  AFTER  CESAREAN  BIRTHS  THAT  WERE
 OFFERED  BY  HOSPITALS IN THE STATE BUT DECLINED BY THE BIRTHING PERSON;
 THE RATE OF VAGINAL BIRTHS AFTER CESAREAN BIRTHS THAT WERE ATTEMPTED BUT
 FAILED AMONG HOSPITALS IN THE STATE; THE TIME OF DAY UNPLANNED  CESAREAN
 BIRTHS  OCCUR IN HOSPITALS, AND WHETHER SUCH CORRELATES WITH THE RATE OF
 CESAREAN BIRTHS IN A HOSPITAL; THE NUMBER OF BIRTHING PEOPLE  WHO  ELECT
 TO  HAVE  MIDWIVES  ATTEND LABOR AND DELIVERY IN HOSPITALS IN THE STATE;
 THE FREQUENCY OF MIDWIFERY CARE DURING LABOR  IN  HOSPITALS  ACROSS  THE
 STATE  AND WHAT IMPACT, IF ANY, THIS HAS ON THE RATE OF CESAREAN BIRTHS;
 AND THE NUMBER OF BIRTHING PEOPLE WHO WERE INFORMED BY THEIR HEALTH CARE
 PROVIDER ABOUT THE POTENTIAL RISKS, BENEFITS, AND  ALTERNATIVES  RELATED
 TO CESAREAN BIRTHS BEFORE LABOR.
   (d) The members of the council shall be comprised of multidisciplinary
 experts INCLUDING TWO LICENSED MIDWIVES and lay persons knowledgeable in
 the  field  of  maternal mortality, women's health and public health and
 shall include members who serve and are representative  of  the  racial,
 ethnic,  and  socioeconomic  diversity  of  the women and mothers of the
 state, and to the extent possible, the medically  underserved  areas  of
 the state or areas of the state with disproportionately high occurrences
 of maternal mortality or morbidity.
   § 4. This act shall take effect immediately.

co-Sponsors

View additional co-sponsors

2025-S7544A (ACTIVE) - Details

See Assembly Version of this Bill:: A1541
Current Committee:: Senate Women's Issues
Law Section:: Public Health Law
Laws Affected:: Add §2500-n, Pub Health L
Versions Introduced in Other Legislative Sessions:: 2021-2022: S8866, A9714
2023-2024: S5517, A2367

2025-S7544A (ACTIVE) - Summary

2025-S7544A (ACTIVE) - Sponsor Memo

                                 
BILL NUMBER: S7544A

SPONSOR: BROUK
 
TITLE OF BILL:

An act to amend the public health law, in relation to establishing the
cesarean births review board

 
PURPOSE OR GENERAL IDEA OF BILL:

To create a cesarean births review board for the purpose of reviewing
maternal deaths and maternal morbidity and developing and disseminating
findings, recommendations and best practices to contribute to the
prevention of maternal mortality and morbidity

 
SUMMARY OF KEY PROVISIONS:

Section one of the bill amends public health law to establish a depart-
ment of cesarean birth review board composed of experts in the fields of
maternal mortality, maternal health and public health. The board will be
made up of 14 members and these members will review and then issue a
report on cesarean births and how to lower the number of them in the

state. The board will consider various factors of how to reduce C-sec-
tions in the state and within 18 months of convening the board will
issue a final report on its findings and recommendations to the gover-
nor. All information collected will be confidential and only used to
improve the quality of maternal health care.

Section two provides the effective date.

 
JUSTIFICATION:

The rate of cesarean birth in this state, and in this country, is not
nearly spoken about enough. Since the 1970s, the national rate of cesa-
rean births has increased by 500% which translates to about 1 in 3
babies delivered via C-section presently, compared to just 1 in 20
babies in the mid-1970s. Despite this growing trend, research demon-
strates there is no evidence that cesarean births provide any benefit to
the mother or newborn when the procedure is not required, in fact, it is
quite the opposite.

Currently, New York ranks 12th in the nation, where approximately 33% of
all deliveries in the state are cesarean. New York's cesarean birth rate
greatly exceeds the World Health Organization's and CDC's ideal rate
which is between 10 and 15 percent. While the state average is around
33%, it is important to note that cesarean birth rates vary greatly
across hospitals, ranging between 7% and 70% depending on what hospital
a birthing person goes to.

Further, studies have found that cesarean birth rates in hospitals are
directly linked to higher maternal death rates and higher costs for
healthcare. The increase in cesarean rates in the U.S. is linked to an
increase in maternal deaths overall as the procedure can lead to neona-
tal respiratory problems and maternal complications. In fact, cesareans
can account for three of the top six leading causes of maternal mortali-
ty-hemorrhage, complications of anesthesia, and infection. Many of these
maternal deaths are preventable given WHO's recommended rate of cesarean
deliveries.

Additionally, there is an alarming disparity in cesarean birth rates
among different birthing populations. Minority (non-Hispanic black,
Hispanic/Latina, Indigenous, and low socio-economic status) birthing
people receive cesareans at a significantly higher rate than non-Hispan-
ic white birthing people, which is also an indicator of low-quality
maternity care. Moreover, black birthing people are more likely to
receive a cesarean overall and importantly, they are also more likely to
undergo repeated cesareans compared to other birthing people, which
further increases the risk of mortality. In fact, in the U.S., black
birthing people die from pregnancy-related causes at higher rates and
have a four times greater risk of maternal death, more than any other
racial or ethnic group.

This bill would require the advisory council on maternal mortality and
morbidity to undertake a review of the cesarean births at hospitals, in
the state. The council will issue a final report and make recommenda-
tions related to the impact cesarean births have on birthing people and
best practices that can be implemented to reduce the rate of cesarean
births and improve overall maternal health in the state.

 
LEGISLATIVE HISTORY:

2022: S8866 - Referred to Women's Issues.

2023: S5517A - Amended and recommitted to Women's Issues.

2024: S5517A - Committed to Rules.

 
FISCAL IMPLICATIONS:

To be determined.

 
EFFECTIVE DATE:
This act shall take effect immediately.

2025-S7544A (ACTIVE) - Bill Text download pdf

                             
                     S T A T E   O F   N E W   Y O R K
 ________________________________________________________________________
 
                                  7544--A
 
                        2025-2026 Regular Sessions
 
                             I N  S E N A T E
 
                              April 22, 2025
                                ___________
 
 Introduced    by   Sens.   BROUK,   CLEARE,   MYRIE,   RAMOS,   SALAZAR,
   SCARCELLA-SPANTON -- read twice and ordered printed, and when  printed
   to  be  committed  to  the  Committee  on  Women's Issues -- committee
   discharged, bill amended, ordered reprinted as amended and recommitted
   to said committee

 AN ACT to amend the public health law, in relation to  establishing  the
   cesarean births review board
 
   THE  PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, REPRESENTED IN SENATE AND ASSEM-
 BLY, DO ENACT AS FOLLOWS:
 
   Section 1. The public health law is amended by adding  a  new  section
 2500-n to read as follows:
   § 2500-N. CESAREAN BIRTHS REVIEW BOARD. 1. THERE IS HEREBY ESTABLISHED
 IN THE DEPARTMENT THE CESAREAN BIRTHS REVIEW BOARD, HEREINAFTER REFERRED
 TO  AS  THE  "BOARD".  THE  MEMBERS  OF  THE BOARD SHALL BE COMPRISED OF
 EXPERTS IN THE FIELDS OF MATERNAL MORTALITY, MATERNAL HEALTH, AND PUBLIC
 HEALTH.  THE APPOINTMENT OF ANY MEMBER OF THE BOARD SHALL  BE  BASED  IN
 PART  ON  THE  OBJECTIVE OF ENSURING THAT THE BOARD INCLUDES EXPERTS WHO
 ARE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE RACIAL, ETHNIC, AND SOCIOECONOMIC DIVERSITY OF
 THE BIRTHING PEOPLE OF THE STATE.
   2. THE BOARD SHOULD  BE  COMPOSED  OF  FOURTEEN  MEMBERS  WHICH  SHALL
 INCLUDE  EIGHT  MEMBERS  TO BE APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR AS FOLLOWS: TWO
 LICENSED MIDWIVES IN THE  STATE;  TWO  LICENSED  AND  REGISTERED  NURSES
 SPECIALIZING  IN OBSTETRICS IN THE STATE; TWO PHYSICIANS SPECIALIZING IN
 OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LICENSED AND REGISTERED  TO  PRACTICE  IN  THE
 STATE; AND TWO REPRESENTATIVES OF A WOMEN'S MATERNAL HEALTH ORGANIZATION
 THAT OPERATES IN THE STATE; AND SIX ADDITIONAL MEMBERS, TWO APPOINTED ON
 THE  RECOMMENDATION  OF  THE  TEMPORARY  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  SENATE, TWO
 APPOINTED ON THE RECOMMENDATION OF THE  SPEAKER  OF  THE  ASSEMBLY,  ONE
 APPOINTED  ON  THE  RECOMMENDATION OF THE MINORITY LEADER OF THE SENATE,
 AND ONE APPOINTED ON THE RECOMMENDATION OF THE MINORITY  LEADER  OF  THE
 ASSEMBLY.    THE  GOVERNOR  SHALL  DESIGNATE  THE COMMISSIONER, OR THEIR
 
  EXPLANATION--Matter in ITALICS (underscored) is new; matter in brackets
                       [ ] is old law to be omitted.
                                                            LBD04471-03-5

 S. 7544--A                          2
 
 DESIGNEE, AS CHAIR OF THE BOARD. MEMBERS OF THE BOARD SHALL  RECEIVE  NO
 COMPENSATION  FOR THEIR SERVICES BUT MAY BE REIMBURSED FOR NECESSARY AND
 ACTUAL EXPENSES INCURRED IN THE PERFORMANCE OF THEIR DUTIES HEREUNDER.
   3.  THE BOARD SHALL UNDERTAKE A REVIEW OF CESAREAN BIRTHS AT HOSPITALS
 IN THE STATE. THE BOARD SHALL ISSUE A FINAL REPORT AND MAKE  RECOMMENDA-
 TIONS  TO  REDUCE  THE  RATE  OF CESAREAN BIRTHS IN THE STATE. THE BOARD
 SHALL CONSIDER FACTORS INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO:
   (A) THE PRIMARY AND REPEAT CESAREAN BIRTH RATES AMONG HOSPITALS IN THE
 STATE;
   (B) THE HOSPITALS IN THE STATE THAT ALLOW OR ENCOURAGE VAGINAL  BIRTHS
 AFTER CESAREAN BIRTHS;
   (C)  THE  RATE OF VAGINAL BIRTHS AFTER CESAREAN BIRTHS AMONG HOSPITALS
 IN THE STATE;
   (D) THE RATE OF VAGINAL BIRTHS AFTER CESAREAN BIRTHS THAT WERE OFFERED
 BY HOSPITALS IN THE STATE BUT DECLINED BY THE BIRTHING PERSON;
   (E) THE RATE  OF  VAGINAL  BIRTHS  AFTER  CESAREAN  BIRTHS  THAT  WERE
 ATTEMPTED BUT FAILED AMONG HOSPITALS IN THE STATE;
   (F)  THE TIME OF DAY UNPLANNED CESAREAN BIRTHS OCCUR IN HOSPITALS, AND
 WHETHER SUCH CORRELATES WITH THE RATE OF CESAREAN BIRTHS IN A HOSPITAL;
   (G) THE NUMBER OF BIRTHING PEOPLE WHO ELECT TO  HAVE  MIDWIVES  ATTEND
 LABOR AND DELIVERY IN HOSPITALS IN THE STATE;
   (H)  THE  FREQUENCY OF MIDWIFERY CARE DURING LABOR IN HOSPITALS ACROSS
 THE STATE AND WHAT IMPACT, IF ANY, THIS HAS  ON  THE  RATE  OF  CESAREAN
 BIRTHS; AND
   (I)  THE  NUMBER  OF BIRTHING PEOPLE WHO WERE INFORMED BY THEIR HEALTH
 CARE PROVIDER ABOUT THE  POTENTIAL  RISKS,  BENEFITS,  AND  ALTERNATIVES
 RELATED TO CESAREAN BIRTHS BEFORE LABOR.
   4.  THE  BOARD  MAY  REQUEST  AND  SHALL RECEIVE UPON REQUEST FROM ANY
 DEPARTMENT, DIVISION, BOARD, BUREAU, COMMISSION,  LOCAL  HEALTH  DEPART-
 MENTS  OR ANY OTHER AGENCY IN THE STATE OR POLITICAL SUBDIVISION THEREOF
 OR ANY PUBLIC AUTHORITY, SUCH INFORMATION, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED  TO
 MEDICAL RECORDS, BIRTH RECORDS, AND ANY OTHER INFORMATION THAT WILL HELP
 THE  DEPARTMENT  UNDER THIS SECTION TO PROPERLY CARRY OUT ITS FUNCTIONS,
 POWERS AND DUTIES.
   5. THE BOARD SHALL, WITHIN EIGHTEEN MONTHS OF CONVENING, ISSUE A FINAL
 REPORT ON ITS FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE GOVERNOR,  SPEAKER  OF
 THE  ASSEMBLY,  AND  TEMPORARY  PRESIDENT OF THE SENATE. THE BOARD SHALL
 POST A COPY OF SUCH REPORT ON THE DEPARTMENT'S WEBSITE.
   6.  THE BOARD SHALL KEEP CONFIDENTIAL  ANY  INFORMATION  COLLECTED  OR
 RECEIVED  UNDER THIS SECTION THAT INCLUDES PERSONAL IDENTIFYING INFORMA-
 TION OF THE BIRTHING PERSON, HEALTH CARE PRACTITIONER  OR  PRACTITIONERS
 OR  ANYONE  ELSE  INDIVIDUALLY NAMED IN SUCH INFORMATION, AS WELL AS THE
 HOSPITAL OR FACILITY THAT TREATED THE BIRTHING  PERSON,  AND  ANY  OTHER
 INFORMATION  SUCH AS GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION THAT MAY INADVERTENTLY IDENTIFY
 THE BIRTHING PERSON, PRACTITIONER OR FACILITY, AND SHALL USE THE  INFOR-
 MATION  PROVIDED  OR RECEIVED UNDER THIS SECTION SOLELY FOR THE PURPOSES
 OF IMPROVEMENT OF THE QUALITY OF MATERNAL HEALTH CARE.
   § 2. This act shall take effect immediately.

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Senate Bill S7544A

Sponsored By

Current Bill Status - In Senate Committee Women's Issues Committee

Actions

Bill Amendments

co-Sponsors

2025-S7544 - Details

2025-S7544 - Summary

2025-S7544 - Sponsor Memo

2025-S7544 - Bill Text download pdf

co-Sponsors

2025-S7544A (ACTIVE) - Details

2025-S7544A (ACTIVE) - Summary

2025-S7544A (ACTIVE) - Sponsor Memo

2025-S7544A (ACTIVE) - Bill Text download pdf

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Sponsored By

Current Bill Status - In Senate Committee Women's Issues Committee

Actions

Bill Amendments

co-Sponsors

2025-S7544 - Details

2025-S7544 - Summary

2025-S7544 - Sponsor Memo

2025-S7544 - Bill Text download pdf

co-Sponsors

2025-S7544A (ACTIVE) - Details

2025-S7544A (ACTIVE) - Summary

2025-S7544A (ACTIVE) - Sponsor Memo

2025-S7544A (ACTIVE) - Bill Text download pdf

Comments