Assembly Actions - Lowercase Senate Actions - UPPERCASE |
|
---|---|
Jan 03, 2018 | referred to judiciary |
Jun 21, 2017 | committed to rules |
Jun 05, 2017 | advanced to third reading |
May 24, 2017 | 2nd report cal. |
May 23, 2017 | 1st report cal.1126 |
Apr 17, 2017 | print number 17a |
Apr 17, 2017 | amend and recommit to judiciary |
Jan 04, 2017 | referred to judiciary |
senate Bill S17A
Establishes the child-parent security act; repealer
Sponsored By
Brad Hoylman-Sigal
(D, WF) 47th Senate District
Archive: Last Bill Status - In Senate Committee Judiciary Committee
- Introduced
- In Committee
- On Floor Calendar
- Passed Senate
- Passed Assembly
- Delivered to Governor
- Signed/Vetoed by Governor
Your Voice
Actions
-
view actions (8)
Votes
-
view votes
May 23, 2017 - Judiciary committee Vote
S17A125committee12Aye5Nay6Aye with Reservations0Absent0Excused0Abstained
Co-Sponsors
Marisol Alcantara
(D) 0 Senate District
Tony Avella
(D) 0 Senate District
Martin Malavé Dilan
(D) 0 Senate District
Michael Gianaris
(D, WF) 12th Senate District
- view additional co-sponsors
Timothy M. Kennedy
(D, WF) 63rd Senate District
George Latimer
(D) 0 Senate District
Kevin S. Parker
(D, WF) 21st Senate District
Jose Peralta
(D, WF) 0 Senate District
James Sanders Jr.
(D) 10th Senate District
Diane J. Savino
(D, IP) 0 Senate District
José M. Serrano
(D, WF) 29th Senate District
Daniel L. Squadron
(D, WF) 0 Senate District
Toby Ann Stavisky
(D) 11th Senate District
S17 - Details
- See Assembly Version of this Bill:
- A6959
- Current Committee:
- Senate Judiciary
- Law Section:
- Family Court Act
- Laws Affected:
- Add Art 5-C Parts 1 - 6 §§581-101 - 581-604, Fam Ct Act; rpld §73 & Art 8, Dom Rel L
- Versions Introduced in Other Legislative Sessions:
-
2013-2014: S4617, A6701
2015-2016: S2765, A4319
2019-2020: S2071, A1071
S17 - Sponsor Memo
BILL NUMBER: S17 TITLE OF BILL : An act to amend the family court act, in relation to establishing the child-parent security act; and to repeal section 73 and article 8 of the domestic relations law, relating to legitimacy of children born by artificial insemination and surrogate parenting contracts PURPOSE OR GENERAL IDEA OF BILL : To legally establish a child's relationship to his or her parents. SUMMARY OF SPECIFIC PROVISIONS : Section 1 adds a new article 5-C to the Family Court Act, enacting the "Child-Parent Security Act." Part one of the article provides definitions. Part two establishes the requirements and procedure for obtaining a judgment of parentage of a child born: through assisted reproduction or artificial insemination, pursuant to a gestational carrier arrangement, and for a child whose parentage is established pursuant to section 581-601 of article 581-C. Part three sets forth provisions for determining the parentage of a child of assisted reproduction or artificial insemination, Part four authorizes gestational carrier agreements and sets forth the requirements of such agreements. Part five sets forth the conditions for reimbursement and compensation to donors and gestational carriers. Part six provides
for determination of parenthood where an individual can demonstrate by clear and convincing evidence that the parent of the child consented to the formation of a parent-child relationship with the child, the person resided in the same household with the child for a length of time sufficient to have established a parental relationship with the child, the person performed parental functions to a significant degree, and the person formed a pa rent-child bond with the child. Section 2 repeals section 73 of the Domestic Relations Law. Section 3 repeals Article 8 of the Domestic Relations Law. Section 4 provides the effective date. JUSTIFICATION : New York law has failed to keep pace with medical advances in assisted reproduction, causing uncertainty about who the legal parents of a child are upon birth. In many cases, parentage created through these technologies is not recognized under current law This is not only detrimental to the child; it also causes confusion in many critical situations. For example, a hospital does not know who must give consent when a newborn requires medical procedures. Importantly, this legislation lifts the ban on surrogacy contracts to permit gestational carrier agreements and sets forth the criteria for such agreements. When all of the requirements set forth in the law are met, the intended parents can obtain an "Order of Parentage" from a court prior to the birth of the child, so that upon birth, the intended parents are the legal parents. The requirements are designed to ensure that all parties enter into the agreement on equal footing and with full knowledge of their duties and obligations. For example, all parties must be represented by independent legal counsel, and the agreement may not limit the right of the carrier to make her own healthcare decisions. Because of New York's laws, couples facing infertility and same-sex couples are forced to go out of state in order to have a child via gestational carrier. This is overly burdensome to the parents, who have often already struggled for many years to have a child. Having an out-of-state gestational carrier does not allow for the parents to fully participate in the pregnancy by attending doctor's appointments, etc. It also requires the participants to use out-of-state clinics and medical professionals despite the fact that New York is home to world-class medical facilities and fertility professionals. This legislation also establishes a legal procedure for a partner of a biological or adoptive parent who has formed a parental bond with a child after birth, with the consent of the biological or adoptive parent to be declared a parent. This will allow such an individual to continue to have a relationship with the child should the relationship with the biological or adoptive parent dissolve. The Child-Parent Security Act will provide clear and decisive legal procedures to ensure that each child's relationship to his or her parent(s) is legally recognized, The new legal procedures will take into consideration the best interests of the child and the need for clarity and stability in family relationships. It is crucial that New York updates its laws to reflect all the ways in which families are formed. PRIOR LEGISLATIVE HISTORY : S.2765 of 2015-2016 (Hoylman): Died in Children & Families A.4319 of 2015-2016 (Paulin): Died in Judiciary S.4617 of 2013-2014 (Hoylman): Died in Children & Families A.6701 of 2013-2014 (Paulin): Died in Judiciary FISCAL IMPLICATIONS : None EFFECTIVE DATE : This act shall take effect on the one hundred twentieth day after it shall have become a law. Effective immediately, the addition, amendment and/or repeal of any rule or regulation necessary for the implementation of this act on its effective date is authorized to be made on or before such date.
S17 - Bill Text download pdf
S T A T E O F N E W Y O R K ________________________________________________________________________ 17 2017-2018 Regular Sessions I N S E N A T E (PREFILED) January 4, 2017 ___________ Introduced by Sens. HOYLMAN, AVELLA, DILAN, GIANARIS, KENNEDY, LATIMER, PARKER, PERALTA, PERKINS, SANDERS, SAVINO, SERRANO, SQUADRON, STAVISKY -- read twice and ordered printed, and when printed to be committed to the Committee on Judiciary AN ACT to amend the family court act, in relation to establishing the child-parent security act; and to repeal section 73 and article 8 of the domestic relations law, relating to legitimacy of children born by artificial insemination and surrogate parenting contracts THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, REPRESENTED IN SENATE AND ASSEM- BLY, DO ENACT AS FOLLOWS: Section 1. The family court act is amended by adding a new article 5-C to read as follows: ARTICLE 5-C CHILD-PARENT SECURITY ACT PART 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS. 2. JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE. 3. CHILD OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION OR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION. 4. GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT. 5. PAYMENT TO DONORS AND GESTATIONAL CARRIERS. 6. FORMATION OF LEGAL PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP AFTER BIRTH OF CHILD. 7. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. PART 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS SECTION 581-101. SHORT TITLE. 581-102. PURPOSE. 581-103. DEFINITIONS. § 581-101. SHORT TITLE. THIS ARTICLE SHALL BE KNOWN AND MAY BE CITED AS THE "CHILD-PARENT SECURITY ACT". EXPLANATION--Matter in ITALICS (underscored) is new; matter in brackets
[ ] is old law to be omitted. LBD05907-02-7 S. 17 2 § 581-102. PURPOSE. THE PURPOSE OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO LEGALLY ESTAB- LISH A CHILD'S RELATIONSHIP TO HIS OR HER PARENTS. § 581-103. DEFINITIONS. (A) "ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION" MEANS INSERTION OF SPERM INTO FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS BY ANY MEANS OTHER THAN SEXUAL INTERCOURSE, INCLUDING INTRAUTERINE INSEMINATION, WITH THE INTENT TO CAUSE A PREGNANCY. (B) "ASSISTED REPRODUCTION" INCLUDES ALL FERTILITY TREATMENTS IN WHICH BOTH EGGS AND SPERM ARE HANDLED. IN THE FOREGOING CONTEXT, THE TERM INCLUDES, BUT IS NOT LIMITED TO IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION AND TRANSFER OF EMBRYOS INCLUDING DONATED GAMETES OR DONATED EMBRYOS. (C) "ART PROVIDER" MEANS ANY ENTITY WHICH ASSISTS WITH ASSISTED REPRO- DUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY. (D) "ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY" OR "ART" IS ANY MEDICAL OR SCIENTIFIC INTERVENTION, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ASSISTED REPROD- UCTION, PROVIDED FOR THE PURPOSE OF ACHIEVING LIVE BIRTH THAT RESULTS FROM ASSISTED CONCEPTION. ASSISTED CONCEPTION MEANS THE FORMATION OF A HUMAN EMBRYO OUTSIDE THE BODY WITH THE INTENT TO PRODUCE A LIVE BIRTH. (E) "CHILD" MEANS A LIVE BORN INDIVIDUAL OF ANY AGE WHOSE PARENTAGE MAY BE DETERMINED UNDER THIS ACT OR OTHER LAW. (F) "COLLABORATIVE REPRODUCTION" INVOLVES ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION WITH DONOR SPERM AND ANY ASSISTED REPRODUCTION IN WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL OTHER THAN THE INTENDED PARENT PROVIDES GENETIC MATERIAL OR AGREES TO ACT AS A GESTATIONAL CARRIER. IT CAN INCLUDE, BUT IS NOT LIMITED TO, (1) ATTEMPTS BY THE INTENDED PARENT TO CREATE A CHILD THROUGH MEANS OF A GESTATIONAL ARRANGEMENT, WITH OR WITHOUT THE INVOLVEMENT OF A DONOR, AND (2) ASSISTED REPRODUCTION INVOLVING A DONOR WHERE A GESTATIONAL CARRIER IS NOT USED. (G) "COMPENSATION" MEANS PAYMENT OF ANY VALUABLE CONSIDERATION FOR TIME, EFFORT, PAIN AND/OR RISK TO HEALTH IN EXCESS OF REASONABLE MEDICAL AND ANCILLARY COSTS. (H) "DONOR" MEANS AN INDIVIDUAL WHO PRODUCES EGGS OR SPERM USED FOR ASSISTED REPRODUCTION OR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION, WHETHER OR NOT FOR CONSIDERATION. DONOR ALSO INCLUDES AN INDIVIDUAL OR INDIVIDUALS WITH DISPOSITIONAL CONTROL OF AN EMBRYO WHO PROVIDE IT TO ANOTHER PERSON FOR THE PURPOSE OF GESTATION AND RELINQUISHES ALL PRESENT AND FUTURE PARENTAL AND INHERITANCE RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS TO A RESULTING CHILD. THE TERM DOES NOT INCLUDE AN INTENDED PARENT WHO PROVIDES GAMETES TO BE USED FOR ASSISTED REPRODUCTION OR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION. (I) "EMBRYO" MEANS A CELL OR GROUP OF CELLS CONTAINING A DIPLOID COMPLEMENT OF CHROMOSOMES OR GROUP OF SUCH CELLS, NOT A GAMETE OR GAMETES, THAT HAS THE POTENTIAL TO DEVELOP INTO A LIVE BORN HUMAN BEING IF TRANSFERRED INTO THE BODY OF A WOMAN UNDER CONDITIONS IN WHICH GESTATION MAY BE REASONABLY EXPECTED TO OCCUR. (J) "EMBRYO TRANSFER" MEANS ALL MEDICAL AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES THAT ARE NECESSARY TO EFFECTUATE THE TRANSFER OF AN EMBRYO INTO THE UTERINE CAVITY. (K) "GAMETE" MEANS A CELL CONTAINING A HAPLOID COMPLEMENT OF DNA THAT HAS THE POTENTIAL TO FORM AN EMBRYO WHEN COMBINED WITH ANOTHER GAMETE. SPERM AND EGGS ARE GAMETES. A GAMETE MAY CONSIST OF NUCLEAR DNA FROM ONE HUMAN BEING COMBINED WITH THE CYTOPLASM, INCLUDING CYTOPLASMIC DNA, OF ANOTHER HUMAN BEING. (L) "GAMETE PROVIDER" MEANS AN INDIVIDUAL WHO PROVIDES SPERM OR EGGS FOR USE IN ASSISTED REPRODUCTION OR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION. (M) "GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT" IS A CONTRACT BETWEEN INTENDED PARENTS AND A GESTATIONAL CARRIER INTENDED TO RESULT IN A LIVE BIRTH WHERE THE CHILD WILL BE THE LEGAL CHILD OF THE INTENDED PARENTS. S. 17 3 (N) "GESTATIONAL CARRIER" MEANS AN ADULT WOMAN, NOT AN INTENDED PARENT, WHO ENTERS INTO A GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT TO BEAR A CHILD WHO WILL BE THE LEGAL CHILD OF THE INTENDED PARENTS SO LONG AS SHE HAS NOT PROVIDED THE EGG USED TO CONCEIVE THE RESULTING CHILD. (O) "GESTATIONAL CARRIER ARRANGEMENT" MEANS THE PROCESS BY WHICH A GESTATIONAL CARRIER ATTEMPTS TO CARRY AND GIVE BIRTH TO A CHILD CREATED THROUGH ASSISTED REPRODUCTION SO LONG AS THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER HAS NOT PROVIDED THE EGG USED TO CONCEIVE THE RESULTING CHILD. (P) "HEALTH CARE PRACTITIONER" MEANS AN INDIVIDUAL LICENSED OR CERTI- FIED UNDER TITLE EIGHT OF THE EDUCATION LAW ACTING WITHIN HIS OR HER SCOPE OF PRACTICE. (Q) "INTENDED PARENT" IS AN INDIVIDUAL WHO MANIFESTS THE INTENT AS PROVIDED IN THIS ACT TO BE LEGALLY BOUND AS THE PARENT OF A CHILD RESULTING FROM ASSISTED REPRODUCTION OR COLLABORATIVE REPRODUCTION. (R) "IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION" MEANS THE FORMATION OF A HUMAN EMBRYO OUTSIDE THE HUMAN BODY. (S) "MEDICAL EVALUATION" MEANS AN EVALUATION AND CONSULTATION WITH A HEALTH CARE PROVIDER REGARDING THE ANTICIPATED PREGNANCY. (T) "PARENT" MEANS AN INDIVIDUAL WHO HAS ESTABLISHED A PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP UNDER THIS ACT OR OTHER LAW AND INCLUDES, BUT IS NOT LIMIT- ED TO: (1) A CHILD'S BIRTH PARENT WHO IS NOT A GESTATIONAL CARRIER OR THE SPOUSE OF THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER; (2) A CHILD'S GENETIC PARENT WHO IS NOT THE DONOR; (3) AN INDIVIDUAL WHO HAS LEGALLY ADOPTED THE CHILD; (4) AN INDIVIDUAL WHO IS A PARENT OF THE CHILD PURSUANT TO A LEGAL PRESUMPTION; (5) AN INDIVIDUAL WHO IS A PARENT OF THE CHILD PURSUANT TO AN ACKNOWLEDGMENT OR JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE PURSUANT TO ARTICLE TWO OF THIS ACT OR OTHER LAW; (6) AN INDIVIDUAL WHO IS A PARENT OF THE CHILD PURSUANT TO ARTICLE THREE, FOUR, OR SIX OF THIS ACT. (U) "PARTICIPANT" MEANS AN INDIVIDUAL WHO PROVIDES A BIOLOGICAL OR GENETIC COMPONENT OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION OR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION, AN INTENDED PARENT, AND THE SPOUSE OF AN INTENDED PARENT OR GESTATIONAL CARRIER. GESTATION IS A BIOLOGICAL COMPONENT WITHIN THE MEANING OF THIS DEFINITION. (V) "RECORD" MEANS INFORMATION INSCRIBED IN A TANGIBLE MEDIUM OR STORED IN AN ELECTRONIC OR OTHER MEDIUM THAT IS RETRIEVABLE IN PERCEIVA- BLE FORM. (W) "RETRIEVAL" MEANS THE PROCUREMENT OF EGGS OR SPERM FROM A GAMETE PROVIDER. (X) "SPOUSE" MEANS AN INDIVIDUAL MARRIED TO ANOTHER, OR WHO HAS A LEGAL RELATIONSHIP ENTERED INTO UNDER THE LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OR OF ANY STATE, LOCAL OR FOREIGN JURISDICTION, WHICH IS SUBSTANTIALLY EQUIVALENT TO A MARRIAGE, INCLUDING A CIVIL UNION OR DOMESTIC PARTNER- SHIP. (Y) "STATE" MEANS A STATE OF THE UNITED STATES, THE DISTRICT OF COLUM- BIA, PUERTO RICO, THE UNITED STATES VIRGIN ISLANDS, OR ANY TERRITORY OR INSULAR POSSESSION SUBJECT TO THE JURISDICTION OF THE UNITED STATES. (Z) "TIME OF TRANSFER" MEANS THE TIME AT WHICH A GAMETE OR EMBRYO IS TRANSFERRED INTO THE BODY OF A WOMAN WITH THE INTENT TO PRODUCE LIVE BIRTH. (AA) "TRANSFER" MEANS THE PLACEMENT OF AN EMBRYO OR GAMETES INTO THE BODY OF A WOMAN WITH THE INTENT TO ACHIEVE PREGNANCY AND LIVE BIRTH. PART 2 JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE SECTION 581-201. JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE. S. 17 4 581-202. PROCEEDING FOR JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE OF A CHILD BORN THROUGH ASSISTED REPRODUCTION OR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINA- TION. 581-203. PROCEEDING FOR JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE OF A CHILD BORN PURSUANT TO A GESTATIONAL CARRIER ARRANGEMENT. 581-204. PROCEEDING FOR JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE OF A CHILD WHOSE PARENTAGE IS ESTABLISHED PURSUANT TO SECTION 581-601 OF THIS ARTICLE. 581-205. JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE FOR INTENDED PARENTS WHO ARE SPOUSES. 581-206. JURISDICTION. § 581-201. JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE. (A) A CIVIL PROCEEDING MAY BE MAIN- TAINED TO ADJUDICATE THE PARENTAGE OF A CHILD UNDER THE CIRCUMSTANCES SET FORTH IN THIS ARTICLE. THIS PROCEEDING IS GOVERNED BY THE CIVIL PRACTICE LAW AND RULES. (B) A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE MAY BE ISSUED PRIOR TO BIRTH BUT SHALL NOT BECOME EFFECTIVE UNTIL THE BIRTH OF THE CHILD. (C) A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE SHALL BE ISSUED BY THE COURT (1) BROUGHT PURSUANT TO A PROCEEDING AUTHORIZED PURSUANT TO PARTS THREE AND FOUR OF THIS ACT UPON THE PETITION OF (I) A CHILD, OR (II) A PARENT, OR (III) A PARTICIPANT, OR (IV) THE SUPPORT/ENFORCEMENT AGENCY OR OTHER GOVERN- MENTAL AGENCY AUTHORIZED BY OTHER LAW, OR (V) A REPRESENTATIVE AUTHOR- IZED BY LAW TO ACT FOR AN INDIVIDUAL WHO WOULD OTHERWISE BE ENTITLED TO MAINTAIN A PROCEEDING BUT WHO IS DECEASED, INCAPACITATED, OR A MINOR, IN ORDER TO LEGALLY ESTABLISH THE CHILD-PARENT RELATIONSHIP, (2) OR IN A PROCEEDING AUTHORIZED PURSUANT TO PART SIX OF THIS ACT UPON THE PETITION OF (I) A CHILD, OR (II) A PARENT, OR (III) A PERSON CLAIMING TO HAVE FORMED A PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP WITH A CHILD UNDER SECTION 581-601 OF THIS ARTICLE, UNDER THE FOLLOWING CIRCUMSTANCES: A. A CHILD BORN THROUGH ASSISTED REPRODUCTION OR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINA- TION UNDER PART THREE OF THIS ARTICLE; OR B. A CHILD BORN PURSUANT TO A GESTATIONAL CARRIER ARRANGEMENT UNDER PART FOUR OF THIS ARTICLE; OR C. A CHILD WHOSE PARENTAGE CAN BE ESTABLISHED PURSUANT TO PART SIX OF THIS ARTICLE. § 581-202. PROCEEDING FOR JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE OF A CHILD BORN THROUGH ASSISTED REPRODUCTION OR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION. (A) A PROCEEDING FOR A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE MAY BE COMMENCED: (1) IF THE INTENDED PARENTS RESIDE IN NEW YORK STATE, IN THE COUNTY WHERE THE INTENDED PARENTS RESIDE ANY TIME AFTER PREGNANCY IS ACHIEVED OR IN THE COUNTY WHERE THE CHILD WAS BORN OR RESIDES; OR (2) IF THE INTENDED PARENTS AND CHILD DO NOT RESIDE IN NEW YORK STATE, UP TO NINETY DAYS AFTER THE BIRTH OF THE CHILD IN THE COUNTY WHERE THE CHILD IS BORN. (B) THE PETITION FOR A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE MUST BE VERIFIED AND INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: (1) A STATEMENT THAT THE INTENDED PARENTS HAVE BEEN RESIDENTS OF THE STATE FOR AT LEAST NINETY DAYS OR IF THEY ARE NOT NEW YORK STATE RESI- DENTS, THE CHILD WAS BORN IN THE STATE; AND (2) A STATEMENT FROM THE GESTATING MOTHER THAT SHE BECAME PREGNANT AS A RESULT OF THE DONATION OF THE GAMETES OR EMBRYOS AND A REPRESENTATION OF NON-ACCESS DURING THE TIME OF CONCEPTION; AND (3) A STATEMENT THAT THE INTENDED PARENTS CONSENTED TO ASSISTED REPRODUCTION OR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION PURSUANT TO SECTION 581-304 OF THIS ARTICLE; AND S. 17 5 (4) WHERE THE GAMETES OR EMBRYOS WERE RECEIVED FROM A GAMETE OR EMBRYO STORAGE FACILITY, AN ATTACHED STATEMENT FROM THE FACILITY HAVING CUSTODY OF THE GAMETES OR EMBRYOS DEMONSTRATING THE DONATIVE INTENT OF THE GAMETE OR EMBRYO DONOR. (C) THE FOLLOWING SHALL BE DEEMED SUFFICIENT PROOF OF A DONOR'S DONA- TIVE INTENT: (1) IN THE CASE OF AN ANONYMOUS DONOR, A STATEMENT FROM THE GAMETE OR EMBRYO STORAGE FACILITY WITH CUSTODY OF THE GAMETES OR EMBRYOS THAT THE DONOR RELINQUISHED ANY PARENTAL OR PROPRIETARY INTEREST IN THE GAMETES OR EMBRYOS AT THE TIME OF DONATION; AND (2) IN THE CASE OF A DONATION FROM A KNOWN DONOR, A NOTARIZED STATE- MENT FROM THE GAMETE OR EMBRYO DONOR ACKNOWLEDGING THE DONATION AND CONFIRMING THAT THE DONORS HAVE NO PARENTAL OR PROPRIETARY INTEREST IN THE GAMETES OR EMBRYOS. IN THE ABSENCE OF A NOTARIZED STATEMENT FROM THE DONOR, THE DONOR SHALL BE SERVED BY MAIL AT THE DONOR'S LAST KNOWN ADDRESS WITH NOTICE OF THE PROCEEDING. FAILURE TO RESPOND TO SAID NOTICE SHALL BE CONSIDERED A DEFAULT AND NO FURTHER NOTICE SHALL BE REQUIRED. (D) WHERE A PETITION DEMONSTRATES THE CONSENT OF THE INTENDED PARENTS PURSUANT TO SECTION 581-304 OF THIS ARTICLE, THE DONATIVE INTENT OF THE GAMETE OR EMBRYO DONORS AND THAT THE PREGNANCY RESULTED FROM THE DONATION, THE COURT SHALL ISSUE A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE: (1) DECLARING, THAT UPON THE BIRTH OF THE CHILD, THE INTENDED PARENTS ARE THE ONLY LEGAL PARENTS OF THE CHILD; AND (2) ORDERING THE INTENDED PARENTS TO ASSUME SOLE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MAINTENANCE AND SUPPORT OF THE CHILD IMMEDIATELY UPON THE BIRTH OF THE CHILD; AND (3) ORDERING THAT UPON THE BIRTH OF THE CHILD, A COPY OF THE JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE BE SERVED ON THE (I) DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH OR NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF MENTAL HEALTH AND HYGIENE, OR (II) REGISTRAR OF BIRTHS IN THE HOSPITAL WHERE THE CHILD IS BORN AND DIRECTING THAT THE HOSPITAL REPORT THE PARENTAGE OF THE CHILD TO THE APPROPRIATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH IN CONFORMITY WITH THE COURT ORDER. IF AN ORIGINAL BIRTH CERTIF- ICATE HAS ALREADY ISSUED, THE COURT SHALL ISSUE AN ORDER DIRECTING THE APPROPRIATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH TO AMEND THE BIRTH CERTIFICATE IN AN EXPEDITED MANNER AND SEAL THE PREVIOUSLY ISSUED BIRTH CERTIFICATE. § 581-203. PROCEEDING FOR JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE OF A CHILD BORN PURSU- ANT TO A GESTATIONAL CARRIER ARRANGEMENT. (A) THE PROCEEDING MAY BE COMMENCED AT ANY TIME AFTER THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT HAS BEEN EXECUTED BY ALL OF THE PARTIES. ANY PARTY TO THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT NOT JOIN- ING IN THE PETITION MUST BE SERVED WITH NOTICE OF THE PROCEEDING. FAIL- URE TO RESPOND TO THE NOTICE SHALL BE CONSIDERED A DEFAULT AND NO FURTHER NOTICE SHALL BE REQUIRED. (B) THE PETITION FOR A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE MUST BE VERIFIED AND INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: (1) A STATEMENT THAT THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER OR THE INTENDED PARENTS HAVE BEEN RESIDENTS OF THE STATE FOR AT LEAST NINETY DAYS AT THE TIME THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT WAS EXECUTED; AND (2) A CERTIFICATION FROM THE ATTORNEYS REPRESENTING THE PETITIONERS THAT THE PARTIES ARE ELIGIBLE TO PARTICIPATE IN THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER ARRANGEMENT AS REQUIRED BY SECTION 581-404 OF THIS ARTICLE AND THAT THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT CONTAINS THE REQUIRED TERMS UNDER SECTION 581-405 OF THIS ARTICLE; AND (3) A STATEMENT THAT THE PARTIES ENTERED INTO THE GESTATIONAL AGREE- MENT KNOWINGLY AND VOLUNTARILY. S. 17 6 (C) WHERE A PETITION SATISFIES SUBDIVISION (B) OF THIS SECTION, THE COURT SHALL ISSUE A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE, WITHOUT ADDITIONAL PROCEEDINGS OR DOCUMENTATION: (1) DECLARING, THAT UPON THE BIRTH OF A CHILD BORN DURING THE TERM OF THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT, THE INTENDED PARENTS ARE THE LEGAL PARENTS OF THE CHILD; AND (2) DECLARING, THAT UPON THE BIRTH OF A CHILD BORN DURING THE TERM OF THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT, THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER, AND HER SPOUSE, IF ANY, ARE NOT THE LEGAL PARENTS OF THE CHILD; AND (3) ORDERING THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER AND HER SPOUSE, IF ANY, TO TRANS- FER THE CHILD TO THE INTENDED PARENTS IF THIS HAS NOT ALREADY OCCURRED; AND (4) ORDERING THE INTENDED PARENTS TO ASSUME SOLE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MAINTENANCE AND SUPPORT OF THE CHILD IMMEDIATELY UPON THE BIRTH OF THE CHILD; AND (5) ORDERING THAT UPON THE BIRTH OF THE CHILD, A COPY OF THE JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE BE SERVED ON THE (I) DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH OR NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF MENTAL HEALTH AND HYGIENE, OR (II) REGISTRAR OF BIRTHS IN THE HOSPITAL WHERE THE CHILD IS BORN AND DIRECTING THAT THE HOSPITAL REPORT THE PARENTAGE OF THE CHILD TO THE APPROPRIATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH IN CONFORMITY WITH THE COURT ORDER. IF AN ORIGINAL BIRTH CERTIF- ICATE HAS ALREADY ISSUED, THE COURT SHALL ISSUE AN ORDER DIRECTING THE APPROPRIATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH TO AMEND THE BIRTH CERTIFICATE IN AN EXPEDITED MANNER AND SEAL THE PREVIOUSLY ISSUED BIRTH CERTIFICATE. (D) THE AGREEMENT OF THE INTENDED PARENTS TO PAY REASONABLE COMPEN- SATION TO THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER IN EXCESS OF REASONABLE MEDICAL AND ANCILLARY COSTS SHALL NOT BE A BAR TO THE ISSUANCE OF A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE. § 581-204. PROCEEDING FOR JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE OF A CHILD WHOSE PARENTAGE IS ESTABLISHED PURSUANT TO SECTION 581-601 OF THIS ARTICLE. A PROCEEDING FOR A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE MAY BE COMMENCED BY VERIFIED PETITION TO ESTABLISH PARENTAGE UNDER SECTION 581-601 OF THIS ARTICLE AT ANY TIME IN THE COUNTY OF RESIDENCE OF THE CHILD OR OF A PARENT, INCLUD- ING A PERSON ASSERTING TO HAVE FORMED A PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP WITH A CHILD UNDER SECTION 581-601 OF THIS ARTICLE. UPON A DETERMINATION OF PARENTAGE UNDER SECTION 581-601 OF THIS ARTICLE, THE COURT SHALL ISSUE A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE DECLARING THE PARENTS OF THE CHILD FOR ALL LEGAL PURPOSES. § 581-205. JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE FOR INTENDED PARENTS WHO ARE SPOUSES. NOTWITHSTANDING OR WITHOUT LIMITATION ON PRESUMPTIONS OF PARENTAGE THAT APPLY, A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE MAY BE OBTAINED UNDER THIS PART BY INTENDED PARENTS WHO ARE EACH OTHER'S SPOUSE. § 581-206. JURISDICTION. PROCEEDINGS PURSUANT TO THIS ARTICLE MAY BE INSTITUTED IN THE SUPREME, FAMILY OR SURROGATE'S COURT EXCEPT FOR PROCEEDINGS PURSUANT TO SECTION 581-204 OF THIS PART MAY BE INSTITUTED IN THE SUPREME OR FAMILY COURT. PART 3 CHILD OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION OR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION SECTION 581-301. SCOPE OF ARTICLE. 581-302. STATUS OF DONOR. 581-303. PARENTAGE OF CHILD OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION OR ARTIFI- CIAL INSEMINATION. 581-304. CONSENT TO ASSISTED REPRODUCTION OR ARTIFICIAL INSEMI- NATION. S. 17 7 581-305. LIMITATION ON SPOUSES' DISPUTE OF PARENTAGE OF CHILD OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION AND ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION. 581-306. EFFECT OF DISSOLUTION OF RELATIONSHIP OF SPOUSES OR WITHDRAWAL OF CONSENT. 581-307. EFFECT OF DEATH OF INTENDED PARENT. § 581-301. SCOPE OF ARTICLE. THIS ARTICLE DOES NOT APPLY TO THE BIRTH OF A CHILD CONCEIVED BY MEANS OF SEXUAL INTERCOURSE. § 581-302. STATUS OF DONOR. A DONOR IS NOT A PARENT OF A CHILD CONCEIVED BY MEANS OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION OR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION EXCEPT AS PROVIDED IN SECTION 581-303 OF THIS PART. § 581-303. PARENTAGE OF CHILD OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION OR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION. (A) AN INDIVIDUAL WHO PROVIDES GAMETES FOR ASSISTED REPRODUCTION OR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION WITH THE INTENT TO BE A PARENT OF THE CHILD, OR CONSENTS TO ASSISTED REPRODUCTION OR ARTIFICIAL INSEMI- NATION AS PROVIDED IN SECTION 581-304 OF THIS PART, IS A PARENT OF THE RESULTING CHILD FOR ALL LEGAL PURPOSES. (B) UPON APPLICATION BY ANY PARTICIPANT, THE COURT SHALL ISSUE A JUDG- MENT OF PARENTAGE TO ANY PARTICIPANT WHO IS A PARENT PURSUANT TO THIS ACT. § 581-304. CONSENT TO ASSISTED REPRODUCTION OR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINA- TION. (A) WHERE THE INTENDED PARENT WHO GIVES BIRTH TO A CHILD BY MEANS OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION OR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IS A SPOUSE, THE CONSENT OF BOTH SPOUSES TO THE ASSISTED REPRODUCTION OR ARTIFICIAL INSE- MINATION IS PRESUMED AND NEITHER SPOUSE MAY CHALLENGE THE PARENTAGE OF THE CHILD, EXCEPT AS PROVIDED IN SECTION 581-305 OF THIS PART. (B) CONSENT TO ASSISTED REPRODUCTION OR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION BY AN INDIVIDUAL WHO INTENDS TO BE A PARENT AND IS NOT THE SPOUSE OF THE INTENDED PARENT WHO GIVES BIRTH TO A CHILD BY MEANS OF ASSISTED REPROD- UCTION OR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION MUST BE IN A SIGNED RECORD WHICH ACKNOWLEDGES THE INTENDED PARENTS' JOINT PARTICIPATION AND INTENTION TO PARENT TOGETHER. (C) THE FAILURE OF A PERSON TO SIGN A RECORD EVIDENCING HIS/HER CONSENT AS PROVIDED IN SUBDIVISION (B) OF THIS SECTION SHALL NOT PRECLUDE A FINDING THAT SUCH CONSENT EXISTED IF THE COURT FINDS BY CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE THAT AT THE TIME OF THE CHILD'S CONCEPTION OR BIRTH, BOTH THE INTENDED PARENT WHO GIVES BIRTH TO THE CHILD AND SUCH PERSON RESIDED IN THE SAME HOUSEHOLD AS INTIMATE PARTNERS, AND HELD THEMSELVES AND EACH OTHER OUT AS THE PARENTS OF THE INTENDED CHILD. § 581-305. LIMITATION ON SPOUSES' DISPUTE OF PARENTAGE OF CHILD OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION AND ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION. (A) EXCEPT AS OTHER- WISE PROVIDED IN SUBDIVISION (B) OF THIS SECTION, NEITHER SPOUSE MAY CHALLENGE THE PRESUMPTION OF PARENTAGE OF THE CHILD UNLESS: (1) WITHIN TWO YEARS AFTER LEARNING OF THE BIRTH OF THE CHILD A PROCEEDING IS COMMENCED TO ADJUDICATE PARENTAGE; AND (2) THE COURT FINDS BY CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE THAT EITHER SPOUSE DID NOT CONSENT FOR THE NON-GESTATING SPOUSE TO BE A PARENT OF THE CHILD. (B) A PROCEEDING FOR A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE MAY BE MAINTAINED AT ANY TIME IF THE COURT DETERMINES THAT: (1) THE SPOUSE DID NOT PROVIDE GAMETES FOR, OR CONSENT TO, ASSISTED REPRODUCTION OR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION BY THE INDIVIDUAL WHO GAVE BIRTH; AND (2) THE SPOUSE AND THE INDIVIDUAL WHO GAVE BIRTH HAVE NOT COHABITED SINCE THE SPOUSE KNEW OR HAD REASON TO KNOW OF THE PREGNANCY; AND (3) THE SPOUSE NEVER OPENLY HELD OUT THE CHILD AS HIS OR HER OWN. S. 17 8 (C) THE LIMITATION PROVIDED IN THIS SECTION APPLIES TO A SPOUSAL RELATIONSHIP THAT HAS BEEN DECLARED INVALID AFTER ASSISTED REPRODUCTION OR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION. § 581-306. EFFECT OF DISSOLUTION OF RELATIONSHIP OF SPOUSES OR WITH- DRAWAL OF CONSENT. IF THE RELATIONSHIP OF SPOUSES IS DISSOLVED BEFORE TRANSFER OF EGGS, SPERM, OR EMBRYOS, THE CONSENT OF BOTH SPOUSES TO THE USE OF THE GAMETES OR THE TRANSFER OF EMBRYOS IS REQUIRED IF THE SPOUSES HAVE JOINT CUSTODY AND CONTROL OF THE GAMETES OR EMBRYOS. HOWEVER, IF THERE IS A SIGNED RECORD ASSIGNING CUSTODY AND CONTROL OF THE GAMETES OR EMBRYOS TO ONE SPOUSE, THAT SPOUSE MAY USE OR TRANSFER SAID GAMETES OR EMBRYOS WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF THE FORMER SPOUSE. THE FORMER SPOUSE IS NOT A PARENT OF THE RESULTING CHILD UNLESS THE FORMER SPOUSE CONSENTED IN A RECORD THAT IF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION OR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION WERE TO OCCUR AFTER A DIVORCE OR DISSOLUTION OF THE RELATIONSHIP, THE FORMER SPOUSE WOULD BE A PARENT OF THE CHILD. § 581-307. EFFECT OF DEATH OF INTENDED PARENT. EXCEPT AS OTHERWISE PROVIDED IN THE ESTATES, POWERS AND TRUSTS LAW, IF AN INDIVIDUAL WHO CONSENTED IN A RECORD TO BE A PARENT BY ASSISTED REPRODUCTION OR ARTIFI- CIAL INSEMINATION DIES BEFORE THE TRANSFER OF EGGS, SPERM, OR EMBRYOS, THE DECEASED INDIVIDUAL IS NOT A PARENT OF THE RESULTING CHILD UNLESS THE DECEASED INDIVIDUAL CONSENTED IN A SIGNED RECORD THAT IF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION OR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION WERE TO OCCUR AFTER DEATH, THE DECEASED INDIVIDUAL WOULD BE A PARENT OF THE CHILD. PART 4 GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT SECTION 581-401. GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT AUTHORIZED. 581-404. ELIGIBILITY. 581-405. REQUIREMENTS OF GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT. 581-406. TERMINATION OF GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT. 581-407. GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT: EFFECT OF SUBSEQUENT SPOUSAL RELATIONSHIP. 581-408. FAILURE TO OBTAIN A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE. 581-409. DISPUTE AS TO GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT. 581-410. INSPECTION OF RECORDS. 581-411. EXCLUSIVE, CONTINUING JURISDICTION. § 581-401. GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT AUTHORIZED. (A) IF ELIGIBLE UNDER THIS ARTICLE TO ENTER INTO A GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT, A GESTATIONAL CARRI- ER, HER SPOUSE IF APPLICABLE, AND THE INTENDED PARENTS MAY ENTER INTO A GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT WHICH WILL BE ENFORCEABLE PROVIDED THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT MEETS THE REQUIREMENTS OF THIS ARTICLE. (B) A GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT SHALL NOT APPLY TO THE BIRTH OF A CHILD CONCEIVED BY MEANS OF SEXUAL INTERCOURSE. (C) A GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT MAY PROVIDE FOR PAYMENT OF COMPENSATION UNDER PART FIVE OF THIS ARTICLE. (D) A GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT MAY NOT LIMIT THE RIGHT OF THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER TO MAKE DECISIONS TO SAFEGUARD HER HEALTH. § 581-404. ELIGIBILITY. (A) A GESTATIONAL CARRIER SHALL BE ELIGIBLE TO ENTER INTO AN ENFORCEABLE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT UNDER THIS ARTICLE IF SHE HAS MET THE FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS AT THE TIME THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT IS EXECUTED: (1) SHE IS AT LEAST TWENTY-ONE YEARS OF AGE; AND (2) SHE HAS COMPLETED A MEDICAL EVALUATION WITH A HEALTH CARE PRACTI- TIONER RELATING TO THE ANTICIPATED PREGNANCY; AND S. 17 9 (3) SHE HAS UNDERGONE LEGAL CONSULTATION WITH INDEPENDENT LEGAL COUN- SEL REGARDING THE TERMS OF THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT AND THE POTENTIAL LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER ARRANGEMENT; AND (4) SHE HAS, OR THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT STIPULATES THAT PRIOR TO THE EMBRYO TRANSFER, SHE WILL OBTAIN, A HEALTH INSURANCE POLICY THAT COVERS MAJOR MEDICAL TREATMENTS AND HOSPITALIZATION, AND THE HEALTH INSURANCE POLICY HAS A TERM THAT EXTENDS THROUGHOUT THE DURATION OF THE EXPECTED PREGNANCY AND FOR EIGHT WEEKS AFTER THE BIRTH OF THE CHILD; THE POLICY MAY BE PROCURED AND PAID FOR BY THE INTENDED PARENTS ON BEHALF OF THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER PURSUANT TO THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT. (B) THE INTENDED PARENTS SHALL BE ELIGIBLE TO ENTER INTO AN ENFORCEA- BLE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT UNDER THIS ARTICLE IF HE, SHE, OR THEY HAVE MET THE FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS AT THE TIME THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT WAS EXECUTED: (1) HE, SHE, OR THEY HAVE UNDERGONE LEGAL CONSULTATION WITH INDEPEND- ENT LEGAL COUNSEL REGARDING THE TERMS OF THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT AND THE POTENTIAL LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER ARRANGEMENT; AND (2) HE OR SHE IS AN ADULT PERSON WHO IS NOT IN A SPOUSAL RELATIONSHIP, OR ADULT SPOUSES TOGETHER, OR ANY TWO ADULTS WHO ARE INTIMATE PARTNERS TOGETHER, EXCEPT WHERE THE INTENDED PARENT AND HIS OR HER SPOUSE: (I) ARE LIVING SEPARATE AND APART PURSUANT TO A DECREE OR JUDGMENT OF SEPARATION OR PURSUANT TO A WRITTEN AGREEMENT OF SEPARATION SUBSCRIBED BY THE PARTIES THERETO AND ACKNOWLEDGED OR PROVED IN THE FORM REQUIRED TO ENTITLE A DEED TO BE RECORDED; OR (II) HAVE BEEN LIVING SEPARATE AND APART FOR AT LEAST THREE YEARS PRIOR TO EXECUTION OF THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT, THEN THE SPOUSE OF THE INTENDED PARENT IS NOT REQUIRED TO BE A PARTY TO THE GESTATIONAL AGREE- MENT AND SHALL NOT HAVE PARENTAL RIGHTS OR OBLIGATIONS TO THE CHILD. § 581-405. REQUIREMENTS OF GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT. (A) A GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT SHALL BE DEEMED TO HAVE SATISFIED THE REQUIREMENTS OF THIS ARTICLE AND BE ENFORCEABLE IF IT MEETS THE FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS: (1) IT SHALL BE IN A SIGNED RECORD VERIFIED BY THE INTENDED PARENTS, THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER, AND HER SPOUSE, IF ANY; AND (2) IT SHALL BE EXECUTED PRIOR TO THE COMMENCEMENT OF ANY MEDICAL PROCEDURES IN FURTHERANCE OF THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER ARRANGEMENT OTHER THAN MEDICAL EVALUATIONS NECESSARY TO DETERMINE ELIGIBILITY OF THE PARTIES PURSUANT TO SECTION 581-404 OF THIS PART; AND (3) IT SHALL BE EXECUTED BY A GESTATIONAL CARRIER MEETING THE ELIGI- BILITY REQUIREMENTS OF SUBDIVISION (A) OF SECTION 581-404 OF THIS PART AND BY THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER'S SPOUSE, IF ANY; AND (4) IT SHALL BE EXECUTED BY INTENDED PARENTS MEETING THE ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS OF SUBDIVISION (B) OF SECTION 581-404 OF THIS PART; AND (5) THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER AND THE INTENDED PARENTS SHALL HAVE BEEN REPRESENTED BY SEPARATE, INDEPENDENT COUNSEL IN ALL MATTERS CONCERNING THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER ARRANGEMENT AND THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT; AND (6) IF THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT PROVIDES FOR THE PAYMENT OF COMPEN- SATION TO THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER, THE COMPENSATION SHALL HAVE BEEN PLACED IN ESCROW WITH AN INDEPENDENT ESCROW AGENT PRIOR TO THE GESTA- TIONAL CARRIER'S COMMENCEMENT OF ANY MEDICAL PROCEDURE OTHER THAN MEDICAL EVALUATIONS NECESSARY TO DETERMINE THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER'S ELIGIBILITY; AND (7) THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT MUST INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING TERMS: (I) AS TO THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER AND HER SPOUSE, IF ANY: (A) THE AGREEMENT OF THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER TO UNDERGO EMBRYO TRANS- FER AND ATTEMPT TO CARRY AND GIVE BIRTH TO THE CHILD; AND S. 17 10 (B) THE AGREEMENT OF THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER AND HER SPOUSE, IF ANY, TO SURRENDER CUSTODY OF ALL RESULTING CHILDREN TO THE INTENDED PARENTS IMMEDIATELY UPON THE BIRTH; AND (C) THE RIGHT OF THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER TO UTILIZE THE SERVICES OF A HEALTH CARE PRACTITIONER OF HER CHOOSING, AFTER CONSULTATION WITH THE INTENDED PARENTS, TO PROVIDE HER CARE DURING THE PREGNANCY; AND (II) AS TO THE INTENDED PARENT OR PARENTS: (A) THE AGREEMENT TO ACCEPT CUSTODY OF ALL RESULTING CHILDREN IMME- DIATELY UPON BIRTH REGARDLESS OF NUMBER, GENDER, OR MENTAL OR PHYSICAL CONDITION; AND (B) THE AGREEMENT TO ASSUME SOLE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE SUPPORT OF THE CHILDREN IMMEDIATELY UPON THE CHILDREN'S BIRTH; AND (C) THE AGREEMENT THAT THE RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF THE INTENDED PARENT OR PARENTS UNDER THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT ARE NOT ASSIGNABLE. § 581-406. TERMINATION OF GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT. (A) AFTER ISSUANCE OF A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE PURSUANT TO SECTION 581-203 OF THIS ARTICLE, BUT BEFORE THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER BECOMES PREGNANT BY MEANS OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION, THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER, HER SPOUSE, IF ANY, OR EITHER OF THE INTENDED PARENTS MAY TERMINATE THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT BY GIVING NOTICE OF TERMINATION IN A RECORD TO ALL OTHER PARTIES AND ANY LIABILITY RESULTING THEREFROM WILL BE DETERMINED PURSUANT TO SECTION 581-408 OF THIS PART. (B) AN INDIVIDUAL WHO TERMINATES A GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT UNDER THIS SECTION SHALL FILE NOTICE OF THE TERMINATION WITH THE COURT. ON RECEIPT OF THE NOTICE, THE COURT SHALL VACATE THE JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE ISSUED UNDER THIS ARTICLE. § 581-407. GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT: EFFECT OF SUBSEQUENT SPOUSAL RELATIONSHIP. AFTER THE EXECUTION OF A GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT UNDER THIS ARTICLE, THE SUBSEQUENT SPOUSAL RELATIONSHIP OF THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER DOES NOT AFFECT THE VALIDITY OF A GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT, HER SPOUSE'S CONSENT TO THE AGREEMENT SHALL NOT BE REQUIRED, AND HER SPOUSE SHALL NOT BE THE PRESUMED PARENT OF THE RESULTING CHILD. § 581-408. FAILURE TO OBTAIN A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE. WHERE THE INTENDED PARENTS OR THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER FAIL TO OBTAIN A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE PURSUANT TO SECTION 581-203 OF THIS ARTICLE, THE PARENTAGE OF A CHILD BORN AS THE RESULT OF A GESTATIONAL CARRIER ARRANGEMENT WILL BE DETERMINED BASED ON THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILD TAKING INTO ACCOUNT GENETICS AND THE INTENT OF THE PARTIES. § 581-409. DISPUTE AS TO GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT. (A) ANY DISPUTE WHICH IS RELATED TO A GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT OTHER THAN DISPUTES AS TO PARENT- AGE SHALL BE RESOLVED BY THE SUPREME COURT, WHICH SHALL DETERMINE THE RESPECTIVE RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTIES. IF A GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT DOES NOT MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF THIS ARTICLE, THE AGREEMENT IS NOT ENFORCEABLE. (B) EXCEPT AS EXPRESSLY PROVIDED IN THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT, THE INTENDED PARENT OR PARENTS AND GESTATIONAL CARRIER SHALL BE ENTITLED TO ALL REMEDIES AVAILABLE AT LAW OR EQUITY IN ANY DISPUTE RELATED TO THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT. (C) THERE SHALL BE NO SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE REMEDY AVAILABLE FOR A BREACH BY THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER OF A GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT TERM THAT REQUIRES HER TO BE IMPREGNATED. § 581-410. INSPECTION OF RECORDS. THE PROCEEDINGS, RECORDS, AND IDEN- TITIES OF THE INDIVIDUAL PARTIES TO A GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT UNDER THIS ARTICLE SHALL BE SEALED EXCEPT UPON THE PETITION OF THE PARTIES TO THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT OR THE CHILD BORN AS A RESULT OF THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER ARRANGEMENT. S. 17 11 § 581-411. EXCLUSIVE, CONTINUING JURISDICTION. SUBJECT TO THE JURIS- DICTIONAL STANDARDS OF SECTION SEVENTY-SIX OF THE DOMESTIC RELATIONS LAW, THE COURT CONDUCTING A PROCEEDING UNDER THIS ARTICLE HAS EXCLUSIVE, CONTINUING JURISDICTION OF ALL MATTERS ARISING OUT OF THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT UNTIL A CHILD BORN TO THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER DURING THE PERI- OD GOVERNED BY THE AGREEMENT ATTAINS THE AGE OF ONE HUNDRED EIGHTY DAYS. PART 5 PAYMENT TO DONORS AND GESTATIONAL CARRIERS SECTION 581-501. REIMBURSEMENT. 581-502. COMPENSATION. § 581-501. REIMBURSEMENT. (A) A DONOR WHO HAS ENTERED INTO A VALID AGREEMENT TO BE A DONOR, MAY RECEIVE REIMBURSEMENT FROM AN INTENDED PARENT OR PARENTS FOR ECONOMIC LOSSES INCURRED IN CONNECTION WITH THE DONATION WHICH RESULT FROM THE RETRIEVAL OR STORAGE OF GAMETES OR EMBR- YOS. (B) PREMIUMS PAID FOR INSURANCE AGAINST ECONOMIC LOSSES DIRECTLY RESULTING FROM THE RETRIEVAL OR STORAGE OF GAMETES OR EMBRYOS FOR DONATION MAY BE REIMBURSED. § 581-502. COMPENSATION. (A) COMPENSATION MAY BE PAID TO A DONOR OR GESTATIONAL CARRIER BASED ON SERVICES RENDERED, EXPENSES THAT HAVE BEEN OR WILL BE INCURRED, TIME, AND INCONVENIENCE. UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES MAY COMPENSATION BE PAID TO PURCHASE GAMETES OR EMBRYOS OR TO PAY FOR THE RELINQUISHMENT OF A PARENTAL INTEREST IN A CHILD. (B) THE COMPENSATION, IF ANY, PAID TO A DONOR OR GESTATIONAL CARRIER MUST BE REASONABLE AND NEGOTIATED IN GOOD FAITH BETWEEN THE PARTIES, AND SAID PAYMENTS TO A GESTATIONAL CARRIER SHALL NOT EXCEED THE DURATION OF THE PREGNANCY AND RECUPERATIVE PERIOD OF UP TO EIGHT WEEKS AFTER THE BIRTH OF THE CHILD. (C) COMPENSATION MAY NOT BE CONDITIONED UPON THE PURPORTED QUALITY OR GENOME-RELATED TRAITS OF THE GAMETES OR EMBRYOS. (D) COMPENSATION MAY NOT BE CONDITIONED ON ACTUAL GENOTYPIC OR PHENO- TYPIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DONOR OR OF THE CHILD. PART 6 FORMATION OF LEGAL PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP AFTER BIRTH OF CHILD SECTION 581-601. DETERMINATION OF PARENTHOOD. § 581-601. DETERMINATION OF PARENTHOOD. (A) A PERSON SEEKING TO QUAL- IFY FOR A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE UNDER THIS PART IS REFERRED TO HEREIN AS "PUTATIVE PARENT". (B) THE COURT SHALL ISSUE A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE TO A PETITIONER WHO DEMONSTRATES THE FOLLOWING BY CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE: (1) ANY PARENT OR PARENTS OF A CHILD CONSENTED TO THE PUTATIVE PARENT'S FORMATION OF A PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP WITH THE CHILD, SUCH CONSENT TO BE EXPRESSED IN WRITTEN FORM, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ANY OF THE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES: A SIGNED LETTER AGREEMENT, AN EXECUTED CONTRACT, A BIRTH ANNOUNCEMENT, A RELIGIOUS CEREMONY DOCUMENT, OR A SCHOOL OR MEDICAL RECORD; AND (2) THE PUTATIVE PARENT RESIDED IN THE SAME HOUSEHOLD WITH THE CHILD FOR A LENGTH OF TIME SUFFICIENT, GIVEN THE AGE OF THE CHILD, TO HAVE ESTABLISHED WITH THE CHILD A BONDED, DEPENDENT RELATIONSHIP PARENTAL IN NATURE; AND (3) THE PUTATIVE PARENT PERFORMED PARENTAL FUNCTIONS FOR THE CHILD TO A SIGNIFICANT DEGREE; AND (4) THE PUTATIVE PARENT FORMED A PARENT-CHILD BOND WITH THE CHILD; AND (5) SUCH JUDGMENT IS IN THE BEST INTEREST OF THE CHILD. S. 17 12 (C) A PUTATIVE PARENT UNDER THIS PART SHALL NOT INCLUDE A GRANDPARENT OF SUCH MINOR CHILD, A PERSON WHOSE RELATIONSHIP WITH THE CHILD IS BASED ON PAYMENT BY THE PARENT, OR A PERSON WHO HAS NOT AT ANY TIME BEEN AN INTIMATE PARTNER WITH A PARENT OF THE CHILD. (D) THE COURT SHALL APPOINT AN ATTORNEY FOR THE CHILD TO REPRESENT A MINOR WHO IS THE SUBJECT OF THE PROCEEDING. (E) A PARENT'S WITHDRAWAL OF CONSENT TO THE PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP SUBSEQUENT TO THE OCCURRENCE OF THE FACTORS IN PARAGRAPHS ONE THROUGH FIVE OF SUBDIVISION (B) OF THIS SECTION SHALL NOT CHANGE THE LEGAL PARENTAL STATUS OR RIGHTS OF THE PUTATIVE PARENT QUALIFYING UNDER THIS PART. (F) THE PUTATIVE PARENT QUALIFYING AS A PARENT UNDER THIS SECTION SHALL BE DEEMED TO BE THE LEGAL PARENT OF SUCH CHILD FOR ALL PURPOSES. (G) A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE SHALL BE ISSUED PURSUANT TO SECTION 581-204 OF THIS ARTICLE CONFIRMING ESTABLISHMENT OF A PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP AS PROVIDED IN THIS PART. PART 7 MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS SECTION 581-701. REMEDIAL. 581-702. SEVERABILITY. 581-703. PARENT UNDER SECTION SEVENTY OF THE DOMESTIC RELATIONS LAW. § 581-701. REMEDIAL. THIS LEGISLATION IS HEREBY DECLARED TO BE A REMEDIAL STATUTE AND IS TO BE CONSTRUED LIBERALLY TO SECURE THE BENEFI- CIAL INTERESTS AND PURPOSES THEREOF FOR THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILD. § 581-702. SEVERABILITY. THE INVALIDATION OF ANY PART OF THIS LEGIS- LATION BY A COURT OF COMPETENT JURISDICTION SHALL NOT RESULT IN THE INVALIDATION OF ANY OTHER PART. § 581-703. PARENT UNDER SECTION SEVENTY OF THE DOMESTIC RELATIONS LAW. THE TERM "PARENT" IN SECTION SEVENTY OF THE DOMESTIC RELATIONS LAW SHALL INCLUDE A PERSON ESTABLISHED TO BE A PARENT UNDER THIS ARTICLE OR ANY OTHER RELEVANT LAW. § 2. Section 73 of the domestic relations law is REPEALED. § 3. Article 8 of the domestic relations law is REPEALED. § 4. This act shall take effect on the one hundred twentieth day after it shall have become a law. Effective immediately, the addition, amend- ment and/or repeal of any rule or regulation necessary for the implemen- tation of this act on its effective date is authorized to be made on or before such date.
Co-Sponsors
Marisol Alcantara
(D) 0 Senate District
Tony Avella
(D) 0 Senate District
Jamaal T. Bailey
(D) 36th Senate District
Martin Malavé Dilan
(D) 0 Senate District
- view additional co-sponsors
Michael Gianaris
(D, WF) 12th Senate District
Jesse Hamilton
(D) 0 Senate District
Todd Kaminsky
(D) 0 Senate District
Timothy M. Kennedy
(D, WF) 63rd Senate District
Kevin S. Parker
(D, WF) 21st Senate District
Jose Peralta
(D, WF) 0 Senate District
Gustavo Rivera
(D, WF) 33rd Senate District
James Sanders Jr.
(D) 10th Senate District
Diane J. Savino
(D, IP) 0 Senate District
José M. Serrano
(D, WF) 29th Senate District
Toby Ann Stavisky
(D) 11th Senate District
S17A (ACTIVE) - Details
- See Assembly Version of this Bill:
- A6959
- Current Committee:
- Senate Judiciary
- Law Section:
- Family Court Act
- Laws Affected:
- Add Art 5-C Parts 1 - 6 §§581-101 - 581-604, Fam Ct Act; rpld §73 & Art 8, Dom Rel L
- Versions Introduced in Other Legislative Sessions:
-
2013-2014: S4617, A6701
2015-2016: S2765, A4319
2019-2020: S2071, A1071
S17A (ACTIVE) - Sponsor Memo
BILL NUMBER: S17A TITLE OF BILL : An act to amend the family court act, in relation to establishing the child-parent security act; and to repeal section 73 and article 8 of the domestic relations law, relating to legitimacy of children born by artificial insemination and surrogate parenting contracts PURPOSE OR GENERAL IDEA OF BILL : To legally establish a child's relationship to his or her parents. SUMMARY OF SPECIFIC PROVISIONS : Section 1 adds a new article 5-C to the Family Court Act, enacting the "Child-Parent Security Act." Part one of the article provides defi- nitions. Part two establishes the requirements and procedure for obtaining a judgment of parentage of a child born: through assisted reproduction or artificial insemination, and pursuant to a gestational carrier arrangement. Part three sets forth provisions for determining the parentage of a child of assisted reproduction or artificial insemination, Part four authorizes gestational carrier agreements and sets forth the requirements of such agreements. Part five sets forth the conditions for reimbursement and compensation to donors and gestational carriers.
Section 2 repeals section 73 of the Domestic Relations Law. Section 3 repeals Article 8 of the Domestic Relations Law. Section 4 provides the effective date. JUSTIFICATION : New York law has failed to keep pace with medical advances in assisted reproduction, causing uncertainty about who the legal parents of a child are upon birth. In many cases, parentage created through these technologies is not recognized under current law This is not only detrimental to the child; it also causes confusion in many critical situations. For example, a hospital does not know who must give consent when a newborn requires medical procedures. Importantly, this legislation lifts the ban on surrogacy contracts to permit gestational carrier agreements and sets forth the criteria for such agreements. When all of the requirements set forth in the law are met, the intended parents can obtain an "Order of Parentage" from a court prior to the birth of the child, so that upon birth, the intended parents are the legal parents. The requirements are designed to ensure that all parties enter into the agreement on equal footing and with full knowledge of their duties and obligations. For example, all parties must be represented by independent legal counsel, and the agreement may not limit the right of the carrier to make her own healthcare decisions. Because of New York's laws, couples facing infertility and same-sex couples are forced to go out of state in order to have a child via gestational carrier. This is overly burdensome to the parents, who have often already struggled for many years to have a child. Having an out-of-state gestational carrier does not allow for the parents to fully participate in the pregnancy by attending doctor's appointments, etc. It also requires the participants to use out-of-state clinics and medical professionals despite the fact that New York is home to world-class medical facilities and fertility professionals. The Child-Parent Security Act will provide clear and decisive legal procedures to ensure that each child's relationship to his or her parent(s) is legally recognized, The new legal procedures will take into consideration the best interests of the child and the need for clarity and stability in family relationships. It is crucial that New York updates its laws to reflect all the ways in which families are formed. PRIOR LEGISLATIVE HISTORY : S.2765 of 2015-2016 (Hoylman): Died in Children & Families A.4319 of 2015-2016 (Paulin): Died in Judiciary S.4617 of 2013-2014 (Hoylman): Died in Children & Families A.6701 of 2013-2014 (Paulin): Died in Judiciary FISCAL IMPLICATIONS : None EFFECTIVE DATE : This act shall take effect on the one hundred twentieth day after it shall have become a law. Effective immediately, the addition, amendment and/or repeal of any rule or regulation necessary for the implementation of this act on its effective date is authorized to be made on or before such date.
S17A (ACTIVE) - Bill Text download pdf
S T A T E O F N E W Y O R K ________________________________________________________________________ 17--A 2017-2018 Regular Sessions I N S E N A T E (PREFILED) January 4, 2017 ___________ Introduced by Sens. HOYLMAN, ALCANTARA, AVELLA, DILAN, GIANARIS, KENNE- DY, LATIMER, PARKER, PERALTA, SANDERS, SAVINO, SERRANO, SQUADRON, STAVISKY -- read twice and ordered printed, and when printed to be committed to the Committee on Judiciary -- committee discharged, bill amended, ordered reprinted as amended and recommitted to said commit- tee AN ACT to amend the family court act, in relation to establishing the child-parent security act; and to repeal section 73 and article 8 of the domestic relations law, relating to legitimacy of children born by artificial insemination and surrogate parenting contracts THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, REPRESENTED IN SENATE AND ASSEM- BLY, DO ENACT AS FOLLOWS: Section 1. The family court act is amended by adding a new article 5-C to read as follows: ARTICLE 5-C CHILD-PARENT SECURITY ACT PART 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS (581-101 - 581-103) 2. JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE (581-201 - 581-205) 3. CHILD OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION (581-301 - 581-307) 4. GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT (581-401 - 581-411) 5. PAYMENT TO DONORS AND GESTATIONAL CARRIERS (581-501 - 581-502) 6. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS (581-601 - 581-604) PART 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS SECTION 581-101. SHORT TITLE. 581-102. PURPOSE. 581-103. DEFINITIONS. § 581-101. SHORT TITLE. THIS ARTICLE SHALL BE KNOWN AND MAY BE CITED AS THE "CHILD-PARENT SECURITY ACT". EXPLANATION--Matter in ITALICS (underscored) is new; matter in brackets
[ ] is old law to be omitted. LBD05907-05-7 S. 17--A 2 § 581-102. PURPOSE. THE PURPOSE OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO LEGALLY ESTAB- LISH A CHILD'S RELATIONSHIP TO HIS OR HER PARENTS WHERE THE CHILD IS CONCEIVED THROUGH COLLABORATIVE REPRODUCTION. § 581-103. DEFINITIONS. (A) "ASSISTED REPRODUCTION" MEANS A METHOD OF CAUSING PREGNANCY OTHER THAN SEXUAL INTERCOURSE AND INCLUDES BUT IS NOT LIMITED TO: 1. INTRAUTERINE OR VAGINAL INSEMINATION; 2. DONATION OF GAMETES; 3. DONATION OF EMBRYOS; 4. IN VITRO FERTILIZATION AND TRANSFER OF EMBRYOS; AND 5. INTRACYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION. (B) "ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY" OR "ART" IS ANY MEDICAL OR SCIENTIFIC INTERVENTION, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, ASSISTED REPROD- UCTION, PROVIDED FOR THE PURPOSE OF ACHIEVING LIVE BIRTH THAT RESULTS FROM ASSISTED CONCEPTION. ASSISTED CONCEPTION MEANS THE FORMATION OF A HUMAN EMBRYO OUTSIDE THE BODY WITH THE INTENT TO PRODUCE A LIVE BIRTH. (C) "CHILD" MEANS A LIVE BORN INDIVIDUAL OF ANY AGE WHOSE PARENTAGE MAY BE DETERMINED UNDER THIS ACT OR OTHER LAW. (D) "COLLABORATIVE REPRODUCTION" INVOLVES ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION WITH DONOR SPERM AND ANY ASSISTED REPRODUCTION IN WHICH AN INDIVIDUAL OTHER THAN THE INTENDED PARENT PROVIDES GENETIC MATERIAL OR AGREES TO ACT AS A GESTATIONAL CARRIER. IT CAN INCLUDE, BUT IS NOT LIMITED TO, (1) ATTEMPTS BY THE INTENDED PARENT TO CREATE A CHILD THROUGH MEANS OF A GESTATIONAL ARRANGEMENT, WITH OR WITHOUT THE INVOLVEMENT OF A DONOR, AND (2) ASSISTED REPRODUCTION INVOLVING A DONOR WHERE A GESTATIONAL CARRIER IS NOT USED. (E) "COMPENSATION" MEANS PAYMENT OF ANY VALUABLE CONSIDERATION FOR TIME, EFFORT, PAIN AND/OR RISK TO HEALTH IN EXCESS OF REASONABLE MEDICAL AND ANCILLARY COSTS. (F) "DONOR" MEANS AN INDIVIDUAL WHO PRODUCES GAMETES AND PROVIDES THEM TO ANOTHER PERSON OTHER THAN THE INDIVIDUAL'S SPOUSE FOR USE IN ASSISTED REPRODUCTION, WHETHER OR NOT FOR COMPENSATION, AND WHO DOES NOT INTEND TO BE A PARENT. DONOR ALSO INCLUDES AN INDIVIDUAL WITH DISPOSITIONAL CONTROL OF AN EMBRYO WHO PROVIDES IT TO ANOTHER PERSON FOR THE PURPOSE OF GESTATION AND RELINQUISHES ALL PRESENT AND FUTURE PARENTAL AND INHER- ITANCE RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS TO A RESULTING CHILD. (G) "EMBRYO" MEANS A CELL OR GROUP OF CELLS CONTAINING A DIPLOID COMPLEMENT OF CHROMOSOMES OR GROUP OF SUCH CELLS, NOT A GAMETE OR GAMETES, THAT HAS THE POTENTIAL TO DEVELOP INTO A LIVE BORN HUMAN BEING IF TRANSFERRED INTO THE BODY OF A WOMAN UNDER CONDITIONS IN WHICH GESTATION MAY BE REASONABLY EXPECTED TO OCCUR. (H) "EMBRYO TRANSFER" MEANS ALL MEDICAL AND LABORATORY PROCEDURES THAT ARE NECESSARY TO EFFECTUATE THE TRANSFER OF AN EMBRYO INTO THE UTERINE CAVITY. (I) "GAMETE" MEANS A CELL CONTAINING A HAPLOID COMPLEMENT OF DNA THAT HAS THE POTENTIAL TO FORM AN EMBRYO WHEN COMBINED WITH ANOTHER GAMETE. SPERM AND EGGS ARE GAMETES. A GAMETE MAY CONSIST OF NUCLEAR DNA FROM ONE HUMAN BEING COMBINED WITH THE CYTOPLASM, INCLUDING CYTOPLASMIC DNA, OF ANOTHER HUMAN BEING. (J) "GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT" IS A CONTRACT BETWEEN AN INTENDED PARENT AND A GESTATIONAL CARRIER INTENDED TO RESULT IN A LIVE BIRTH WHERE THE CHILD WILL BE THE LEGAL CHILD OF THE INTENDED PARENT. (K) "GESTATIONAL CARRIER" MEANS AN ADULT PERSON NOT AN INTENDED PARENT, WHO ENTERS INTO A GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT TO BEAR A CHILD WHO WILL BE THE LEGAL CHILD OF THE INTENDED PARENT SO LONG AS SHE HAS NOT PROVIDED THE EGG USED TO CONCEIVE THE RESULTING CHILD. S. 17--A 3 (L) "GESTATIONAL CARRIER ARRANGEMENT" MEANS THE PROCESS BY WHICH A GESTATIONAL CARRIER ATTEMPTS TO CARRY AND GIVE BIRTH TO A CHILD CREATED THROUGH ASSISTED REPRODUCTION SO LONG AS THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER HAS NOT PROVIDED THE EGG USED TO CONCEIVE THE RESULTING CHILD. (M) "HEALTH CARE PRACTITIONER" MEANS AN INDIVIDUAL LICENSED OR CERTI- FIED UNDER TITLE EIGHT OF THE EDUCATION LAW ACTING WITHIN HIS OR HER SCOPE OF PRACTICE. (N) "INTENDED PARENT" IS AN INDIVIDUAL WHO MANIFESTS THE INTENT AS PROVIDED IN THIS ACT TO BE LEGALLY BOUND AS THE PARENT OF A CHILD RESULTING FROM ASSISTED REPRODUCTION OR COLLABORATIVE REPRODUCTION. (O) "IN VITRO FERTILIZATION" MEANS THE FORMATION OF A HUMAN EMBRYO OUTSIDE THE HUMAN BODY. (P) "PARENT" MEANS AN INDIVIDUAL WHO HAS ESTABLISHED A PARENT-CHILD RELATIONSHIP UNDER THIS ACT OR OTHER LAW AND INCLUDES, BUT IS NOT LIMIT- ED TO: (1) A CHILD'S BIRTH PARENT WHO IS NOT A GESTATIONAL CARRIER OR THE SPOUSE OF THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER; (2) A CHILD'S GENETIC PARENT WHO IS NOT THE DONOR; (3) AN INDIVIDUAL WHO HAS LEGALLY ADOPTED THE CHILD; (4) AN INDIVIDUAL WHO IS A PARENT OF THE CHILD PURSUANT TO A LEGAL PRESUMPTION; (5) AN INDIVIDUAL WHO IS A PARENT OF THE CHILD PURSUANT TO AN ACKNOWLEDGMENT OR JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE PURSUANT TO ARTICLE TWO OF THIS ACT OR OTHER LAW; (6) AN INDIVIDUAL WHO IS A PARENT OF THE CHILD PURSUANT TO ARTICLE THREE OR FOUR OF THIS ACT. (Q) "PARTICIPANT" MEANS AN INDIVIDUAL WHO PROVIDES A BIOLOGICAL OR GENETIC COMPONENT OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION, AN INTENDED PARENT, AND THE SPOUSE OF AN INTENDED PARENT OR GESTATIONAL CARRIER. GESTATION IS A BIOLOGICAL COMPONENT WITHIN THE MEANING OF THIS DEFINITION. (R) "RECORD" MEANS INFORMATION INSCRIBED IN A TANGIBLE MEDIUM OR STORED IN AN ELECTRONIC OR OTHER MEDIUM THAT IS RETRIEVABLE IN PERCEIVA- BLE FORM. (S) "RETRIEVAL" MEANS THE PROCUREMENT OF EGGS OR SPERM FROM A GAMETE PROVIDER. (T) "SPOUSE" MEANS AN INDIVIDUAL MARRIED TO ANOTHER, OR WHO HAS A LEGAL RELATIONSHIP ENTERED INTO UNDER THE LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES OR OF ANY STATE, LOCAL OR FOREIGN JURISDICTION, WHICH IS SUBSTANTIALLY EQUIVALENT TO A MARRIAGE, INCLUDING A CIVIL UNION OR DOMESTIC PARTNER- SHIP. (U) "STATE" MEANS A STATE OF THE UNITED STATES, THE DISTRICT OF COLUM- BIA, PUERTO RICO, THE UNITED STATES VIRGIN ISLANDS, OR ANY TERRITORY OR INSULAR POSSESSION SUBJECT TO THE JURISDICTION OF THE UNITED STATES. (V) "TRANSFER" MEANS THE PLACEMENT OF AN EMBRYO OR GAMETES INTO THE BODY OF A WOMAN WITH THE INTENT TO ACHIEVE PREGNANCY AND LIVE BIRTH. PART 2 JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE SECTION 581-201. JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE. 581-202. PROCEEDING FOR JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE OF A CHILD BORN THROUGH ASSISTED REPRODUCTION. 581-203. PROCEEDING FOR JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE OF A CHILD BORN PURSUANT TO A GESTATIONAL CARRIER ARRANGEMENT. 581-204. JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE FOR INTENDED PARENTS WHO ARE SPOUSES. 581-205. JURISDICTION. § 581-201. JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE. (A) A CIVIL PROCEEDING MAY BE MAIN- TAINED TO ADJUDICATE THE PARENTAGE OF A CHILD UNDER THE CIRCUMSTANCES SET FORTH IN THIS ARTICLE. THIS PROCEEDING IS GOVERNED BY THE CIVIL PRACTICE LAW AND RULES. S. 17--A 4 (B) A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE MAY BE ISSUED PRIOR TO BIRTH BUT SHALL NOT BECOME EFFECTIVE UNTIL THE BIRTH OF THE CHILD. (C) A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE SHALL BE ISSUED BY THE COURT UPON THE PETITION OF (1) A CHILD, OR (2) A PARENT OR A PRESUMED PARENT, OR (3) A PARTICIPANT, OR (4) THE SUPPORT/ENFORCEMENT AGENCY OR OTHER GOVERNMENTAL AGENCY AUTHORIZED BY OTHER LAW, OR (5) A REPRESENTATIVE AUTHORIZED BY LAW TO ACT FOR AN INDIVIDUAL WHO WOULD OTHERWISE BE ENTITLED TO MAINTAIN A PROCEEDING BUT WHO IS DECEASED, INCAPACITATED, OR A MINOR, IN ORDER TO LEGALLY ESTABLISH THE CHILD-PARENT RELATIONSHIP OF EITHER A CHILD BORN THROUGH ASSISTED REPRODUCTION UNDER PART THREE OF THIS ARTICLE OR A CHILD BORN PURSUANT TO A GESTATIONAL CARRIER ARRANGEMENT UNDER PART FOUR OF THIS ARTICLE. § 581-202. PROCEEDING FOR JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE OF A CHILD BORN THROUGH ASSISTED REPRODUCTION. (A) A PROCEEDING FOR A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE MAY BE COMMENCED: (1) IF THE INTENDED PARENT RESIDES IN NEW YORK STATE, IN THE COUNTY WHERE THE INTENDED PARENT RESIDES ANY TIME AFTER PREGNANCY IS ACHIEVED OR IN THE COUNTY WHERE THE CHILD WAS BORN OR RESIDES; OR (2) IF THE INTENDED PARENT AND CHILD DO NOT RESIDE IN NEW YORK STATE, UP TO NINETY DAYS AFTER THE BIRTH OF THE CHILD IN THE COUNTY WHERE THE CHILD WAS BORN. (B) THE PETITION FOR A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE MUST BE VERIFIED AND INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: (1) A STATEMENT THAT THE INTENDED PARENT HAS BEEN A RESIDENT OF THE STATE FOR AT LEAST NINETY DAYS OR IF THE INTENDED PARENT IS NOT A NEW YORK STATE RESIDENT, THAT THE CHILD WAS BORN IN THE STATE; AND (2) A STATEMENT FROM THE GESTATING PARENT THAT THE GESTATING PARENT BECAME PREGNANT AS A RESULT OF THE DONATION OF THE GAMETE OR EMBRYO AND A REPRESENTATION OF NON-ACCESS DURING THE TIME OF CONCEPTION; AND (3) A STATEMENT THAT THE NON-GESTATING INTENDED PARENT CONSENTED TO ASSISTED REPRODUCTION PURSUANT TO SECTION 581-304 OF THIS ARTICLE; AND (4) PROOF OF DONOR'S DONATIVE INTENT. (C) THE FOLLOWING SHALL BE DEEMED SUFFICIENT PROOF OF A DONOR'S DONA- TIVE INTENT FOR PURPOSES OF THIS SECTION: (1) IN THE CASE OF AN ANONYMOUS DONOR OR WHERE GAMETES OR EMBRYOS HAVE PREVIOUSLY BEEN RELINQUISHED TO A GAMETE OR EMBRYO STORAGE FACILITY, A STATEMENT FROM THE GAMETE OR EMBRYO STORAGE FACILITY WITH CUSTODY OF THE GAMETES OR EMBRYOS THAT THE DONOR DOES NOT RETAIN ANY PARENTAL OR PROPRIETARY INTEREST IN THE GAMETES OR EMBRYOS; OR (2) IN THE CASE OF A DONATION FROM A KNOWN DONOR, A RECORD FROM THE GAMETE OR EMBRYO DONOR ACKNOWLEDGING THE DONATION AND CONFIRMING THAT THE DONOR HAS NO PARENTAL OR PROPRIETARY INTEREST IN THE GAMETES OR EMBRYOS. THE RECORD SHALL BE SIGNED BY THE GAMETE OR EMBRYO DONOR: I. BEFORE A NOTARY PUBLIC, OR II. BEFORE TWO WITNESSES WHO ARE NOT THE INTENDED PARENTS, OR III. BEFORE THE HEALTH CARE PROVIDER, WHO SUPERVISED THE DONATION. (3) IN THE ABSENCE OF A RECORD PURSUANT TO PARAGRAPH TWO OF THIS SUBDIVISION, NOTICE SHALL BE GIVEN TO THE DONOR AT LEAST TWENTY DAYS PRIOR TO THE PROCEEDING BY DELIVERY OF A COPY OF THE PETITION AND NOTICE. UPON A SHOWING TO THE COURT, BY AFFIDAVIT OR OTHERWISE, ON OR BEFORE THE DATE OF THE PROCEEDING OR WITHIN SUCH FURTHER TIME AS THE COURT MAY ALLOW, THAT PERSONAL SERVICE CANNOT BE EFFECTED AT THE DONOR'S LAST KNOWN ADDRESS WITH REASONABLE EFFORT, NOTICE MAY BE GIVEN, WITHOUT PRIOR COURT ORDER THEREFORE, AT LEAST TWENTY DAYS PRIOR TO THE PROCEED- ING BY REGISTERED OR CERTIFIED MAIL DIRECTED TO THE DONOR'S LAST KNOWN S. 17--A 5 ADDRESS. NOTICE BY PUBLICATION SHALL NOT BE REQUIRED TO BE GIVEN TO A DONOR ENTITLED TO NOTICE PURSUANT TO THE PROVISIONS OF THIS SECTION. (4) NOTWITHSTANDING THE ABOVE, WHERE SPERM IS PROVIDED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF A HEALTH CARE PROVIDER TO SOMEONE OTHER THAN THE SPERM PROVIDER'S INTIMATE PARTNER OR SPOUSE WITHOUT A RECORD OF THE SPERM PROVIDER'S INTENT TO PARENT, THE SPERM PROVIDER IS PRESUMED TO BE A DONOR AND NOTICE IS NOT REQUIRED. (D) WHERE A PETITION FOR PARENTAGE DEMONSTRATES THE CONSENT OF THE INTENDED PARENT TO ASSISTED REPRODUCTION, THE DONATIVE INTENT OF THE GAMETE OR EMBRYO DONOR AND THAT THE PREGNANCY RESULTED FROM THE DONATION, THE COURT SHALL ISSUE A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE: (1) DECLARING, THAT UPON THE BIRTH OF THE CHILD, THE INTENDED PARENT IS THE ONLY LEGAL PARENT OF THE CHILD; AND (2) ORDERING THE INTENDED PARENT TO ASSUME SOLE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MAINTENANCE AND SUPPORT OF THE CHILD IMMEDIATELY UPON THE BIRTH OF THE CHILD; AND (3) ORDERING THAT UPON THE BIRTH OF THE CHILD, A COPY OF THE JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE BE SERVED ON THE (I) DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH OR NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF MENTAL HEALTH AND HYGIENE, OR (II) REGISTRAR OF BIRTHS IN THE HOSPITAL WHERE THE CHILD IS BORN AND DIRECTING THAT THE HOSPITAL REPORT THE PARENTAGE OF THE CHILD TO THE APPROPRIATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH IN CONFORMITY WITH THE COURT ORDER. IF AN ORIGINAL BIRTH CERTIF- ICATE HAS ALREADY ISSUED, THE COURT SHALL ISSUE AN ORDER DIRECTING THE APPROPRIATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH TO AMEND THE BIRTH CERTIFICATE IN AN EXPEDITED MANNER AND SEAL THE PREVIOUSLY ISSUED BIRTH CERTIFICATE. § 581-203. PROCEEDING FOR JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE OF A CHILD BORN PURSU- ANT TO A GESTATIONAL CARRIER ARRANGEMENT. (A) THE PROCEEDING MAY BE COMMENCED AT ANY TIME AFTER THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT HAS BEEN EXECUTED BY ALL OF THE PARTIES. ANY PARTY TO THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT NOT JOIN- ING IN THE PETITION MUST BE SERVED WITH NOTICE OF THE PROCEEDING. FAIL- URE TO RESPOND TO THE NOTICE SHALL BE CONSIDERED A DEFAULT AND NO FURTHER NOTICE SHALL BE REQUIRED. (B) THE PETITION FOR A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE MUST BE VERIFIED AND INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: (1) A STATEMENT THAT THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER OR THE INTENDED PARENT HAS BEEN A RESIDENT OF THE STATE FOR AT LEAST NINETY DAYS AT THE TIME THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT WAS EXECUTED; AND (2) A CERTIFICATION FROM THE ATTORNEYS REPRESENTING THE PETITIONERS THAT THE PARTIES ARE ELIGIBLE TO PARTICIPATE IN THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER ARRANGEMENT AS REQUIRED BY SECTION 581-404 OF THIS ARTICLE AND THAT THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT CONTAINS THE REQUIRED TERMS UNDER SECTION 581-405 OF THIS ARTICLE; AND (3) A STATEMENT THAT THE PARTIES ENTERED INTO THE GESTATIONAL AGREE- MENT KNOWINGLY AND VOLUNTARILY. (C) WHERE A PETITION SATISFIES SUBDIVISION (B) OF THIS SECTION, THE COURT SHALL ISSUE A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE, WITHOUT ADDITIONAL PROCEEDINGS OR DOCUMENTATION: (1) DECLARING, THAT UPON THE BIRTH OF A CHILD BORN DURING THE TERM OF THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT, THE INTENDED PARENT IS THE LEGAL PARENT OF THE CHILD; AND (2) DECLARING, THAT UPON THE BIRTH OF A CHILD BORN DURING THE TERM OF THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT, THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER, AND THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER'S SPOUSE, IF ANY, IS NOT THE LEGAL PARENT OF THE CHILD; AND (3) ORDERING THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER AND THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER'S SPOUSE, IF ANY, TO TRANSFER THE CHILD TO THE INTENDED PARENT IF THIS HAS NOT ALREADY OCCURRED; AND S. 17--A 6 (4) ORDERING THE INTENDED PARENT TO ASSUME SOLE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE MAINTENANCE AND SUPPORT OF THE CHILD IMMEDIATELY UPON THE BIRTH OF THE CHILD; AND (5) ORDERING THAT UPON THE BIRTH OF THE CHILD, A COPY OF THE JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE BE SERVED ON THE (I) DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH OR NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF MENTAL HEALTH AND HYGIENE, OR (II) REGISTRAR OF BIRTHS IN THE HOSPITAL WHERE THE CHILD IS BORN AND DIRECTING THAT THE HOSPITAL REPORT THE PARENTAGE OF THE CHILD TO THE APPROPRIATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH IN CONFORMITY WITH THE COURT ORDER. IF AN ORIGINAL BIRTH CERTIF- ICATE HAS ALREADY ISSUED, THE COURT SHALL ISSUE AN ORDER DIRECTING THE APPROPRIATE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH TO AMEND THE BIRTH CERTIFICATE IN AN EXPEDITED MANNER AND SEAL THE PREVIOUSLY ISSUED BIRTH CERTIFICATE. (D) IN THE EVENT THE CERTIFICATION REQUIRED BY PARAGRAPH TWO OF SUBDI- VISION (B) OF THIS SECTION CANNOT BE MADE BECAUSE OF A TECHNICAL OR NON-SUBSTANTIAL DEVIATION FROM THE REQUIREMENTS OF SECTIONS 581-404 OR 581-405 OF THIS ARTICLE; THE COURT MAY NEVERTHELESS ENFORCE THE AGREE- MENT AND ISSUE AN ORDER OF PARENTAGE IF THE COURT DETERMINES THE AGREE- MENT IS IN SUBSTANTIAL COMPLIANCE WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF SECTIONS 581-404 AND 581-405 OF THIS ARTICLE. (E) THE AGREEMENT OF THE INTENDED PARENT TO PAY REASONABLE COMPEN- SATION TO THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER IN EXCESS OF REASONABLE MEDICAL AND ANCILLARY COSTS SHALL NOT BE A BAR TO THE ISSUANCE OF A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE. § 581-204. JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE FOR INTENDED PARENTS WHO ARE SPOUSES. NOTWITHSTANDING OR WITHOUT LIMITATION ON PRESUMPTIONS OF PARENTAGE THAT APPLY, A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE MAY BE OBTAINED UNDER THIS PART BY INTENDED PARENTS WHO ARE EACH OTHER'S SPOUSE. § 581-205. JURISDICTION. PROCEEDINGS PURSUANT TO THIS ARTICLE MAY BE INSTITUTED IN THE SUPREME, FAMILY OR SURROGATE'S COURT. PART 3 CHILD OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION SECTION 581-301. SCOPE OF ARTICLE. 581-302. STATUS OF DONOR. 581-303. PARENTAGE OF CHILD OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION. 581-304. CONSENT TO ASSISTED REPRODUCTION. 581-305. LIMITATION ON SPOUSES' DISPUTE OF PARENTAGE OF CHILD OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION. 581-306. EFFECT OF EMBRYO DISPOSITION AGREEMENT BETWEEN INTENDED PARENTS WHICH TRANSFERS CUSTODY AND CONTROL TO ONE INTENDED PARENT. 581-307. EFFECT OF DEATH OF INTENDED PARENT. § 581-301. SCOPE OF ARTICLE. THIS ARTICLE DOES NOT APPLY TO THE BIRTH OF A CHILD CONCEIVED BY MEANS OF SEXUAL INTERCOURSE. § 581-302. STATUS OF DONOR. A DONOR IS NOT A PARENT OF A CHILD CONCEIVED BY MEANS OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION. § 581-303. PARENTAGE OF CHILD OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION. (A) AN INDI- VIDUAL WHO PROVIDES GAMETES FOR ASSISTED REPRODUCTION WITH THE INTENT TO BE A PARENT OF THE CHILD AND CONSENTS TO ASSISTED REPRODUCTION WITH THE CONSENT OF THE GESTATING PARENT AS PROVIDED IN SECTION 581-304 OF THIS PART, IS A PARENT OF THE RESULTING CHILD FOR ALL LEGAL PURPOSES. (B) UPON APPLICATION BY ANY PARTICIPANT, THE COURT SHALL ISSUE A JUDG- MENT OF PARENTAGE TO ANY PARTICIPANT WHO IS A PARENT PURSUANT TO THIS ACT. § 581-304. CONSENT TO ASSISTED REPRODUCTION. (A) WHERE THE INTENDED PARENT WHO GIVES BIRTH TO A CHILD BY MEANS OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION IS A S. 17--A 7 SPOUSE, THE CONSENT OF BOTH SPOUSES TO THE ASSISTED REPRODUCTION IS PRESUMED AND NEITHER SPOUSE MAY CHALLENGE THE PARENTAGE OF THE CHILD, EXCEPT AS PROVIDED IN SECTION 581-305 OF THIS PART. (B) WHERE THE INTENDED PARENT WHO GIVES BIRTH TO A CHILD BY MEANS OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION IS NOT A SPOUSE, THE CONSENT TO THE ASSISTED REPRODUCTION MUST BE IN A RECORD IN SUCH A MANNER AS TO INDICATE THE MUTUAL AGREEMENT OF THE INTENDED PARENTS TO CONCEIVE AND PARENT A CHILD TOGETHER. (C) THE ABSENCE OF A RECORD DESCRIBED IN SUBDIVISION (B) OF THIS SECTION SHALL NOT PRECLUDE A FINDING THAT SUCH CONSENT EXISTED IF THE COURT FINDS BY CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE THAT AT THE TIME OF THE ASSISTED REPRODUCTION THE INTENDED PARENTS AGREED TO CONCEIVE AND PARENT THE CHILD TOGETHER. § 581-305. LIMITATION ON SPOUSES' DISPUTE OF PARENTAGE OF CHILD OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION. (A) EXCEPT AS OTHERWISE PROVIDED IN SUBDIVISION (B) OF THIS SECTION, NEITHER SPOUSE MAY CHALLENGE THE PRESUMPTION OF PARENTAGE OF THE CHILD UNLESS: (1) WITHIN TWO YEARS AFTER LEARNING OF THE BIRTH OF THE CHILD A PROCEEDING IS COMMENCED TO ADJUDICATE PARENTAGE; AND (2) THE COURT FINDS BY CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE THAT EITHER SPOUSE DID NOT CONSENT FOR THE NON-GESTATING SPOUSE TO BE A PARENT OF THE CHILD. (B) A PROCEEDING FOR A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE MAY BE MAINTAINED AT ANY TIME IF THE COURT FINDS BY CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE THAT: (1) THE SPOUSE DID NOT CONSENT TO ASSISTED REPRODUCTION BY THE INDI- VIDUAL WHO GAVE BIRTH; AND (2) THE SPOUSE AND THE INDIVIDUAL WHO GAVE BIRTH HAVE NOT COHABITED SINCE THE SPOUSE KNEW OR HAD REASON TO KNOW OF THE PREGNANCY; AND (3) THE SPOUSE NEVER OPENLY HELD OUT THE CHILD AS HIS OR HER OWN. (C) THE LIMITATION PROVIDED IN THIS SECTION APPLIES TO A SPOUSAL RELATIONSHIP THAT HAS BEEN DECLARED INVALID AFTER ASSISTED REPRODUCTION OR ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION. § 581-306. EFFECT OF EMBRYO DISPOSITION AGREEMENT BETWEEN INTENDED PARENTS WHICH TRANSFERS CUSTODY AND CONTROL TO ONE INTENDED PARENT. (A) AN EMBRYO DISPOSITION AGREEMENT BETWEEN INTENDED PARENTS WITH JOINT CUSTODY AND CONTROL OF AN EMBRYO SHALL BE BINDING UNDER THE FOLLOWING CIRCUMSTANCES: (1) IT IS IN WRITING; (2) EACH INTENDED PARENT HAD THE ADVICE OF COUNSEL PRIOR TO ITS EXECUTION; AND (3) WHERE THE INTENDED PARENTS ARE MARRIED, TRANSFER OF CUSTODY AND CONTROL OCCURS ONLY UPON DIVORCE. (B) THE INTENDED PARENT WHO TRANSFERS CUSTODY AND CONTROL OF THE EMBRYO IS NOT A PARENT OF ANY CHILD BORN FROM THE EMBRYO UNLESS THE AGREEMENT STATES THAT HE OR SHE CONSENTS TO BE A PARENT. (C) IF THE INTENDED PARENT TRANSFERRING CUSTODY AND CONTROL CONSENTS TO BE A PARENT, HE OR SHE MAY WITHDRAW HIS OR HER CONSENT TO BE A PARENT UPON NOTICE TO THE EMBRYO STORAGE FACILITY AND TO THE OTHER INTENDED PARENT PRIOR TO TRANSFER OF THE EMBRYO. IF HE OR SHE TIMELY WITHDRAWS CONSENT TO PARENT HE OR SHE IS NOT A PARENT FOR ANY PURPOSE INCLUDING SUPPORT OBLIGATIONS BUT THE EMBRYO TRANSFER MAY STILL PROCEED. (D) AN EMBRYO DISPOSITION AGREEMENT OR ADVANCE DIRECTIVE THAT IS NOT IN COMPLIANCE WITH SUBDIVISION (A) OF THIS SECTION MAY STILL BE FOUND TO BE ENFORCEABLE BY THE COURT AFTER BALANCING THE RESPECTIVE INTERESTS OF THE PARTIES EXCEPT THAT UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES MAY THE INTENDED PARENT WHO DIVESTED HIM OR HERSELF OF CUSTODY AND CONTROL BE DECLARED TO BE A S. 17--A 8 PARENT FOR ANY PURPOSE WITHOUT HIS OR HER CONSENT. THE PARENT AWARDED CUSTODY AND CONTROL OF THE EMBRYOS SHALL, IN THIS INSTANCE, BE DECLARED TO BE THE ONLY PARENT OF THE CHILD. § 581-307. EFFECT OF DEATH OF INTENDED PARENT. IF AN INDIVIDUAL WHO CONSENTED IN A RECORD TO BE A PARENT BY ASSISTED REPRODUCTION DIES BEFORE THE TRANSFER OF EGGS, SPERM, OR EMBRYOS, THE DECEASED INDIVIDUAL IS NOT A PARENT OF THE RESULTING CHILD UNLESS THE DECEASED INDIVIDUAL CONSENTED IN A SIGNED RECORD THAT IF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION WERE TO OCCUR AFTER DEATH, THE DECEASED INDIVIDUAL WOULD BE A PARENT OF THE CHILD, PROVIDED THAT THE RECORD COMPLIES WITH THE ESTATES, POWERS AND TRUSTS LAW. PART 4 GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT SECTION 581-401. GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT AUTHORIZED. 581-404. ELIGIBILITY. 581-405. REQUIREMENTS OF GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT. 581-406. TERMINATION OF GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT. 581-407. GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT: EFFECT OF SUBSEQUENT SPOUSAL RELATIONSHIP. 581-408. FAILURE TO OBTAIN A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE. 581-409. DISPUTE AS TO GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT. 581-410. INSPECTION OF RECORDS. 581-411. EXCLUSIVE, CONTINUING JURISDICTION. § 581-401. GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT AUTHORIZED. (A) IF ELIGIBLE UNDER THIS ARTICLE TO ENTER INTO A GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT, A GESTATIONAL CARRI- ER, THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER'S SPOUSE IF APPLICABLE, AND THE INTENDED PARENT MAY ENTER INTO A GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT WHICH WILL BE ENFORCEABLE PROVIDED THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT MEETS THE REQUIREMENTS OF THIS ARTI- CLE. (B) A GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT SHALL NOT APPLY TO THE BIRTH OF A CHILD CONCEIVED BY MEANS OF SEXUAL INTERCOURSE. (C) A GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT MAY PROVIDE FOR PAYMENT OF COMPENSATION UNDER PART FIVE OF THIS ARTICLE. (D) A GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT MAY NOT LIMIT THE RIGHT OF THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER TO MAKE DECISIONS TO SAFEGUARD THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER'S HEALTH OR THAT OF ANY FETUS OR EMBRYO THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER IS CARRYING. (E) A GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT MAY NOT LIMIT THE RIGHT OF THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER TO TERMINATE THE PREGNANCY OR REDUCE THE NUMBER OF FETUSES OR EMBRYOS THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER IS CARRYING. § 581-404. ELIGIBILITY. (A) A GESTATIONAL CARRIER SHALL BE ELIGIBLE TO ENTER INTO AN ENFORCEABLE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT UNDER THIS ARTICLE IF THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER HAS MET THE FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS AT THE TIME THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT IS EXECUTED: (1) THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER IS AT LEAST TWENTY-ONE YEARS OF AGE; AND (2) THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER HAS NOT PROVIDED THE EGG USED TO CONCEIVE THE RESULTING CHILD; AND (3) THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER HAS COMPLETED A MEDICAL EVALUATION WITH A HEALTH CARE PRACTITIONER RELATING TO THE ANTICIPATED PREGNANCY; AND (4) THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER, AND THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER'S SPOUSE IF APPLICABLE HAVE UNDERGONE LEGAL CONSULTATION WITH INDEPENDENT LEGAL COUNSEL OF THEIR OWN CHOOSING WHICH MAY BE PAID FOR BY THE INTENDED PARENT REGARDING THE TERMS OF THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT AND THE POTEN- TIAL LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER ARRANGEMENT; AND (5) THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER HAS, OR THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT STIPU- LATES THAT PRIOR TO THE EMBRYO TRANSFER, THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER WILL S. 17--A 9 OBTAIN, A HEALTH INSURANCE POLICY THAT COVERS MAJOR MEDICAL TREATMENTS AND HOSPITALIZATION, AND THE HEALTH INSURANCE POLICY HAS A TERM THAT EXTENDS THROUGHOUT THE DURATION OF THE EXPECTED PREGNANCY AND FOR EIGHT WEEKS AFTER THE BIRTH OF THE CHILD; THE POLICY MAY BE PROCURED AND PAID FOR BY THE INTENDED PARENTS ON BEHALF OF THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER PURSU- ANT TO THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT. (B) THE INTENDED PARENT SHALL BE ELIGIBLE TO ENTER INTO AN ENFORCEABLE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT UNDER THIS ARTICLE IF HE, SHE, OR THEY HAVE MET THE FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS AT THE TIME THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT WAS EXECUTED: (1) HE, SHE, OR THEY HAVE UNDERGONE LEGAL CONSULTATION WITH INDEPEND- ENT LEGAL COUNSEL REGARDING THE TERMS OF THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT AND THE POTENTIAL LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER ARRANGEMENT; AND (2) HE OR SHE IS AN ADULT PERSON WHO IS NOT IN A SPOUSAL RELATIONSHIP, OR ADULT SPOUSES TOGETHER, OR ANY TWO ADULTS WHO ARE INTIMATE PARTNERS TOGETHER, EXCEPT THE SPOUSE OF THE INTENDED PARENT IS NOT REQUIRED TO BE A PARTY TO THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT AND SHALL NOT HAVE PARENTAL RIGHTS OR OBLIGATIONS TO THE CHILD WHERE THE INTENDED PARENT AND HIS OR HER SPOUSE: (I) ARE LIVING SEPARATE AND APART PURSUANT TO A DECREE OR JUDGMENT OF SEPARATION OR PURSUANT TO A WRITTEN AGREEMENT OF SEPARATION SUBSCRIBED BY THE PARTIES THERETO AND ACKNOWLEDGED OR PROVED IN THE FORM REQUIRED TO ENTITLE A DEED TO BE RECORDED; OR (II) HAVE BEEN LIVING SEPARATE AND APART FOR AT LEAST THREE YEARS PRIOR TO EXECUTION OF THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT. § 581-405. REQUIREMENTS OF GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT. (A) A GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT SHALL BE DEEMED TO HAVE SATISFIED THE REQUIREMENTS OF THIS ARTICLE AND BE ENFORCEABLE IF IT MEETS THE FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS: (1) IT SHALL BE IN A SIGNED RECORD VERIFIED BY: I. THE INTENDED PARENTS, AND II. THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER, AND THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER'S SPOUSE, UNLESS; A. THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER AND THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER'S SPOUSE ARE LIVING SEPARATE AND APART PURSUANT TO A DECREE OR JUDGMENT OF SEPARATION OR PURSUANT TO A WRITTEN AGREEMENT OF SEPARATION SUBSCRIBED BY THE PARTIES THERETO AND ACKNOWLEDGED OR PROVED IN THE FORM REQUIRED TO ENTI- TLE A DEED TO BE RECORDED; OR B. HAVE BEEN LIVING SEPARATE AND APART FOR AT LEAST THREE YEARS PRIOR TO EXECUTION OF THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT; AND (2) IT SHALL BE EXECUTED PRIOR TO THE EMBRYO TRANSFER; AND (3) IT SHALL BE EXECUTED BY A GESTATIONAL CARRIER MEETING THE ELIGI- BILITY REQUIREMENTS OF SUBDIVISION (A) OF SECTION 581-404 OF THIS PART AND BY THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER'S SPOUSE, UNLESS THE GESTATIONAL CARRI- ER'S SPOUSE'S SIGNATURE IS NOT REQUIRED AS SET FORTH IN THIS SECTION; AND (4) IT SHALL BE EXECUTED BY INTENDED PARENTS MEETING THE ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS OF SUBDIVISION (B) OF SECTION 581-404 OF THIS PART; AND (5) THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER AND THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER'S SPOUSE IF APPLICABLE AND THE INTENDED PARENTS SHALL HAVE BEEN REPRESENTED BY SEPA- RATE, INDEPENDENT COUNSEL IN ALL MATTERS CONCERNING THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT; AND (6) IF THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT PROVIDES FOR THE PAYMENT OF COMPEN- SATION TO THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER, THE COMPENSATION SHALL HAVE BEEN PLACED IN ESCROW WITH AN INDEPENDENT ESCROW AGENT PRIOR TO THE GESTA- TIONAL CARRIER'S COMMENCEMENT OF ANY MEDICAL PROCEDURE OTHER THAN S. 17--A 10 MEDICAL EVALUATIONS NECESSARY TO DETERMINE THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER'S ELIGIBILITY; AND (7) THE AGREEMENT MUST INCLUDE INFORMATION DISCLOSING HOW THE INTENDED PARENTS WILL COVER THE MEDICAL EXPENSES OF THE SURROGATE AND THE CHILD. IF HEALTH CARE COVERAGE IS USED TO COVER THE MEDICAL EXPENSES, THE DISCLOSURE SHALL INCLUDE A REVIEW OF THE HEALTH CARE POLICY PROVISIONS RELATED TO COVERAGE FOR SURROGATE PREGNANCY, INCLUDING ANY POSSIBLE LIABILITY OF THE SURROGATE, THIRD-PARTY LIABILITY LIENS OR OTHER INSUR- ANCE COVERAGE, AND ANY NOTICE REQUIREMENTS THAT COULD AFFECT COVERAGE OR LIABILITY OF THE SURROGATE. (8) THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT MUST INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING TERMS: (I) AS TO THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER AND THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER'S SPOUSE, IF ANY: (A) THE AGREEMENT OF THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER TO UNDERGO EMBRYO TRANS- FER AND ATTEMPT TO CARRY AND GIVE BIRTH TO THE CHILD; AND (B) THE AGREEMENT OF THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER AND THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER'S SPOUSE, IF ANY, TO SURRENDER CUSTODY OF ALL RESULTING CHILDREN TO THE INTENDED PARENT IMMEDIATELY UPON THE BIRTH; AND (C) THE RIGHT OF THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER TO UTILIZE THE SERVICES OF A HEALTH CARE PRACTITIONER OF THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER'S CHOOSING, TO PROVIDE HER CARE DURING THE PREGNANCY; AND (II) AS TO THE INTENDED PARENT: (A) THE AGREEMENT TO ACCEPT CUSTODY OF ALL RESULTING CHILDREN IMME- DIATELY UPON BIRTH REGARDLESS OF NUMBER, GENDER, OR MENTAL OR PHYSICAL CONDITION; AND (B) THE AGREEMENT TO ASSUME SOLE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE SUPPORT OF THE CHILD IMMEDIATELY UPON THE CHILD'S BIRTH; AND (C) THE AGREEMENT THAT THE RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF THE INTENDED PARENT UNDER THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT ARE NOT ASSIGNABLE. § 581-406. TERMINATION OF GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT. AFTER THE EXECUTION OF A GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT BUT BEFORE THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER BECOMES PREGNANT BY MEANS OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTION, THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER, THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER'S SPOUSE, IF ANY, OR ANY INTENDED PARENT MAY TERMI- NATE THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT BY GIVING NOTICE OF TERMINATION IN A RECORD TO ALL OTHER PARTIES. UPON PROPER TERMINATION OF THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT THE PARTIES ARE RELEASED FROM ALL OBLIGATIONS RECITED IN THE AGREEMENT EXCEPT THAT THE INTENDED PARENT REMAINS RESPONSIBLE FOR ALL EXPENSES THAT ARE REIMBURSABLE UNDER THE AGREEMENT WHICH HAVE BEEN INCURRED BY THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER THROUGH THE DATE OF TERMINATION. UNLESS THE AGREEMENT PROVIDES OTHERWISE, THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER IS ENTITLED TO KEEP ALL PAYMENTS SHE HAS RECEIVED AND OBTAIN ALL PAYMENTS TO WHICH THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER IS ENTITLED. NEITHER A PROSPECTIVE GESTATIONAL CARRIER NOR THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER'S SPOUSE, IF ANY, IS LIABLE TO THE INTENDED PARENT FOR TERMINATING A GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT AS PROVIDED IN THIS SECTION. § 581-407. GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT: EFFECT OF SUBSEQUENT SPOUSAL RELATIONSHIP. AFTER THE EXECUTION OF A GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT UNDER THIS ARTICLE, THE SUBSEQUENT SPOUSAL RELATIONSHIP OF THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER DOES NOT AFFECT THE VALIDITY OF A GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT, THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER'S SPOUSE'S CONSENT TO THE AGREEMENT SHALL NOT BE REQUIRED, AND THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER'S SPOUSE SHALL NOT BE THE PRESUMED PARENT OF THE RESULTING CHILD. § 581-408. FAILURE TO OBTAIN A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE. WHERE AN INTENDED PARENT OR THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER FAILS TO OBTAIN A JUDGMENT OF PARENTAGE PURSUANT TO SECTION 581-203 OF THIS ARTICLE, EITHER BECAUSE THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT DOES NOT MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF THIS ARTICLE S. 17--A 11 OR THERE WAS NO GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT, THE PARENTAGE OF A CHILD WILL BE DETERMINED BASED ON THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILD TAKING INTO ACCOUNT GENETICS AND THE INTENT OF THE PARTIES. AN INTENDED PARENT'S ABSENCE OF GENETIC CONNECTION TO THE CHILD IS NOT A SUFFICIENT BASIS TO DENY THAT INDIVIDUAL A JUDGMENT OF LEGAL PARENTAGE. § 581-409. DISPUTE AS TO GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT. (A) ANY DISPUTE WHICH IS RELATED TO A GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT OTHER THAN DISPUTES AS TO PARENT- AGE SHALL BE RESOLVED BY THE SUPREME COURT, WHICH SHALL DETERMINE THE RESPECTIVE RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF THE PARTIES. IF A GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT DOES NOT MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF THIS ARTICLE, EXCEPT AS SET FORTH IN SUBDIVISION (D) OF SECTION 581-203 OF PART TWO OF THIS ARTICLE THE AGREEMENT IS NOT ENFORCEABLE. (B) EXCEPT AS EXPRESSLY PROVIDED IN THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT, THE INTENDED PARENT AND THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER SHALL BE ENTITLED TO ALL REMEDIES AVAILABLE AT LAW OR EQUITY IN ANY DISPUTE RELATED TO THE GESTA- TIONAL AGREEMENT. (C) THERE SHALL BE NO SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE REMEDY AVAILABLE FOR A BREACH BY THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER OF A GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT TERM THAT REQUIRES THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER TO BE IMPREGNATED OR TO TERMINATE THE PREGNANCY OR TO REDUCE THE NUMBER OF FETUSES OR EMBRYOS THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER IS CARRYING. § 581-410. INSPECTION OF RECORDS. THE PROCEEDINGS, RECORDS, AND IDEN- TITIES OF THE INDIVIDUAL PARTIES TO A GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT UNDER THIS ARTICLE SHALL BE SEALED EXCEPT UPON THE PETITION OF THE PARTIES TO THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT OR THE CHILD BORN AS A RESULT OF THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER ARRANGEMENT. § 581-411. EXCLUSIVE, CONTINUING JURISDICTION. SUBJECT TO THE JURIS- DICTIONAL STANDARDS OF SECTION SEVENTY-SIX OF THE DOMESTIC RELATIONS LAW, THE COURT CONDUCTING A PROCEEDING UNDER THIS ARTICLE HAS EXCLUSIVE, CONTINUING JURISDICTION OF ALL MATTERS ARISING OUT OF THE GESTATIONAL AGREEMENT UNTIL A CHILD BORN TO THE GESTATIONAL CARRIER DURING THE PERI- OD GOVERNED BY THE AGREEMENT ATTAINS THE AGE OF ONE HUNDRED EIGHTY DAYS. PART 5 PAYMENT TO DONORS AND GESTATIONAL CARRIERS SECTION 581-501. REIMBURSEMENT. 581-502. COMPENSATION. § 581-501. REIMBURSEMENT. (A) A DONOR WHO HAS ENTERED INTO A VALID AGREEMENT TO BE A DONOR, MAY RECEIVE REIMBURSEMENT FROM AN INTENDED PARENT FOR ECONOMIC LOSSES INCURRED IN CONNECTION WITH THE DONATION WHICH RESULT FROM THE RETRIEVAL OR STORAGE OF GAMETES OR EMBRYOS. (B) PREMIUMS PAID FOR INSURANCE AGAINST ECONOMIC LOSSES DIRECTLY RESULTING FROM THE RETRIEVAL OR STORAGE OF GAMETES OR EMBRYOS FOR DONATION MAY BE REIMBURSED. § 581-502. COMPENSATION. (A) COMPENSATION MAY BE PAID TO A DONOR OR GESTATIONAL CARRIER BASED ON SERVICES RENDERED, EXPENSES AND OR MEDICAL RISKS THAT HAVE BEEN OR WILL BE INCURRED, TIME, AND INCONVENIENCE. UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES MAY COMPENSATION BE PAID TO PURCHASE GAMETES OR EMBRYOS OR TO PAY FOR THE RELINQUISHMENT OF A PARENTAL INTEREST IN A CHILD. (B) THE COMPENSATION, IF ANY, PAID TO A DONOR OR GESTATIONAL CARRIER MUST BE REASONABLE AND NEGOTIATED IN GOOD FAITH BETWEEN THE PARTIES, AND SAID PAYMENTS TO A GESTATIONAL CARRIER SHALL NOT EXCEED THE DURATION OF THE PREGNANCY AND RECUPERATIVE PERIOD OF UP TO EIGHT WEEKS AFTER THE BIRTH OF THE CHILD. (C) COMPENSATION MAY NOT BE CONDITIONED UPON THE PURPORTED QUALITY OR GENOME-RELATED TRAITS OF THE GAMETES OR EMBRYOS. S. 17--A 12 (D) COMPENSATION MAY NOT BE CONDITIONED ON ACTUAL GENOTYPIC OR PHENO- TYPIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DONOR OR OF THE CHILD. PART 6 MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS SECTION 581-601. REMEDIAL. 581-602. SEVERABILITY. 581-603. PARENT UNDER SECTION SEVENTY OF THE DOMESTIC RELATIONS LAW. 581-604. INTERPRETATION. § 581-601. REMEDIAL. THIS LEGISLATION IS HEREBY DECLARED TO BE A REMEDIAL STATUTE AND IS TO BE CONSTRUED LIBERALLY TO SECURE THE BENEFI- CIAL INTERESTS AND PURPOSES THEREOF FOR THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILD. § 581-602. SEVERABILITY. THE INVALIDATION OF ANY PART OF THIS LEGIS- LATION BY A COURT OF COMPETENT JURISDICTION SHALL NOT RESULT IN THE INVALIDATION OF ANY OTHER PART. § 581-603. PARENT UNDER SECTION SEVENTY OF THE DOMESTIC RELATIONS LAW. THE TERM "PARENT" IN SECTION SEVENTY OF THE DOMESTIC RELATIONS LAW SHALL INCLUDE A PERSON ESTABLISHED TO BE A PARENT UNDER THIS ARTICLE OR ANY OTHER RELEVANT LAW. § 581-604. INTERPRETATION. UNLESS THE CONTEXT INDICATES OTHERWISE, WORDS IMPORTING THE SINGULAR INCLUDE AND APPLY TO SEVERAL PERSONS, PARTIES, OR THINGS; WORDS IMPORTING THE PLURAL INCLUDE THE SINGULAR. § 2. Section 73 of the domestic relations law is REPEALED. § 3. Article 8 of the domestic relations law is REPEALED. § 4. This act shall take effect on the one hundred twentieth day after it shall have become a law. Effective immediately, the addition, amend- ment and/or repeal of any rule or regulation necessary for the implemen- tation of this act on its effective date are authorized to be made on or before such date.
Comments
Open Legislation is a forum for New York State legislation. All comments are subject to review and community moderation is encouraged.
Comments deemed off-topic, commercial, campaign-related, self-promotional; or that contain profanity, hate or toxic speech; or that link to sites outside of the nysenate.gov domain are not permitted, and will not be published. Attempts to intimidate and silence contributors or deliberately deceive the public, including excessive or extraneous posting/posts, or coordinated activity, are prohibited and may result in the temporary or permanent banning of the user. Comment moderation is generally performed Monday through Friday. By contributing or voting you agree to the Terms of Participation and verify you are over 13.