ARTICLE 45

EVIDENCE

4501. Self-incrimination.

4502. Spouse.

(a) Incompetency where issue adultery.

(b) Confidential communication privileged.

4503. Attorney.

(a) Enacted without subdivision heading.

(b) Wills.

4504. Physician, dentist, podiatrist, chiropractor and nurse.

(a) Confidential information privileged.

(b) Identification by dentist; crime committed against

patient under sixteen.

(c) Mental or physical condition of deceased patient.

(d) Proof of negligence; unauthorized practice of

medicine.

4505. Confidential communication to clergy privileged.

4506. Eavesdropping evidence; admissibility; motion to

suppress in certain cases.

4507. Psychologist.

4508. Social worker.

(a) Confidential information privileged.

(b) Limitations on waiver.

4509. Library records.

4510. Rape crisis counselor or domestic violence advocate.

(a) Definitions.

(b) Confidential information privileged.

(c) Who may waive the privilege.

(d) Limitation on waiver.

4511. Judicial notice of law.

(a) When judicial notice shall be taken without

request.

(b) When judicial notice may be taken without request;

when it shall be taken on request.

(c) Determination by court; review as matter of law.

(d) Evidence to be received on matter to be judicially

noticed.

4512. Competency of interested witness or spouse.

4513. Competency of person convicted of crime.

4514. Impeachment of witness by prior inconsistent statement.

4515. Form of expert opinion.

4516. Proof of age of child.

4517. Prior testimony in a civil action.

(a) Impeachment of witnesses; parties; unavailable

witness.

(b) Use of part of the prior trial testimony of a

witness.

(c) Substitution of parties; prior actions.

4518. Business records.

(a) Generally.

(b) Hospital bills.

(c) Other records.

(d) Enacted without subdivision heading.

(e) Enacted without subdivision heading.

(f) Enacted without subdivision heading.

(g) Pregnancy and childbirth costs.

4519. Personal transaction or communication between witness

and decedent or mentally ill person.

4519-a. Possession of opioid antagonists; receipt into evidence.

4520. Certificate or affidavit of public officer.

4521. Lack of record.

4522. Ancient filed maps, surveys and records affecting real

property.

4523. Search by title insurance or abstract company.

4524. Conveyance of real property without the state.

4525. Copies of statements under article nine of the uniform

commercial code.

4526. Marriage certificate.

4527. Death or other status of missing person.

(a) Presumed death.

(b) Death, internment, capture and other status.

4528. Weather conditions.

4529. Inspection certificate issued by United States

department of agriculture.

4530. Certificate of population.

(a) Prima facie evidence.

(b) Conclusive evidence.

4531. Affidavit of service or posting notice by person

unavailable at trial.

4532. Self-authentication of newspapers and periodicals of

general circulation.

4532-a. Admissibility of graphic, numerical, symbolic or

pictorial representations of medical or diagnostic

tests.

4532-b. (Enacted without section heading).

4533. Market reports.

4533-a. Prima facie proof of damages.

4533-b. Proof of payment by joint tort-feasor.

4534. Standard of measurement used by surveyor.

4536. Proof of writing by comparison of handwriting.

4537. Proof of writing subscribed by witness.

4538. Acknowledged, proved or certified writing; conveyance of

real property without the state.

4539. Reproductions of original.

4540. Authentication of official record of court or government

office in the United States.

(a) Copies permitted.

(b) Certificate of officer of the state.

(c) Certificate of officer of another jurisdiction.

(d) Printed tariff or classification subject to public

service commission, commissioner of

transportation or interstate commerce commission.

4540-a. Presumption of authenticity based on a party's

production of material authored or otherwise created

by the party.

4541. Proof of proceedings before justice of the peace.

(a) Of the state.

(b) Of another state.

4542. Proof of foreign records and documents.

(a) Foreign record.

(b) Final certification.

(c) Lack of record.

4543. Proof of facts or writing by methods other than those

authorized in this article.

4544. Contracts in small print.

4545. Admissibility of collateral source of payment.

(a) Action for medical, dental or podiatric

malpractice.

(b) Certain actions against a public employer for

personal injury and wrongful death.

(c) Actions for personal injury, injury to property or

wrongful death.

(d) Voluntary charitable contributions excluded as a

collateral source of payment.

4546. Loss of earnings and impairment of earning ability in

actions for medical, dental or podiatric malpractice.

4547. Compromise and offers to compromise.

4548. Privileged communications; electronic communication

thereof.

4549. Admissibility of an opposing party's statement.

4550. Admissibility of evidence related to legally protected

health activity.